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[Music]

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a very pleasant good evening to you

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wherever you are my name is Brian white

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I am from the JPL's education and

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communications Directorate

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welcome to the von Karman lecture series

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in 1783 the first crewed hot-air balloon

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took flight in Paris crowds came from

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miles around to view the spectacle

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including a few signatories of the

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Declaration of Independence as the

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balloon lifted higher a spectator asked

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the inventor and American founding

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father Benjamin Franklin what this new

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invention would be used for Franklin

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replied what is the use of a newborn

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baby days later and a letter to a

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colleague in a more serious tone he

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concluded that ballooning could pave the

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way to some discoveries in natural

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philosophy which at present we have no

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conception how right he was today's

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scientific ballooning is the last

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bastion of guerrilla science providing

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well tested reliable low-cost

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moderate-risk platform that helps

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prepare the next generation of

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scientists engineers and instruments our

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first speaker tonight dr. Jose sealless

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earned his MS and his PhD in electrical

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engineering at the Technical University

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of Madrid Spain is a Fulbright

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postdoctoral research Award winner has

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done study at the University of tort of

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erragadda in Rome Italy and at the

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observatory of Paris in France he was

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the elbow subsystem lead the

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stratospheric terahertz Observatory and

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part of the Antarctic team deployed in

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2015 and 2016 for the integration test

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and flight of this NASA balloon mission

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he has been a total of five months on

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the ice during those two campaigns and

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currently he is a research engineer at

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JPL working on the next generation of

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sub millimeter wave high spectral

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resolution cameras for astrophysics

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planetary science and earth science

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finally he is an instrument-rated pilot

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and volunteers as president of the LA

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chapter the Fulbright Association

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please welcome dr. Silas

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thank you everyone for being here

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tonight

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I hope I see less I'm a research

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engineer here at JPL I've been working

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here for eight ER so far actually I live

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in more of eight years eight years and a

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half but half five old months of that

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time I'd spend it here on the ice

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working on this crazy idea which was

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taking a large telescope put it on a

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giant balloon take it all the way up to

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the stratosphere to look at the Stars so

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when these guys had the public office

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asked me to give this talk I couldn't

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find a better way to do it than taking

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with you taking you with me on a journey

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to explore the universe from Turkey to

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the Stars so I hoped you were warm

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uncomfortable it's been actually week

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here in LA not as cold as it was there

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when I was there so I hope you do like

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this this is my murder station and

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tareka just a few months before our team

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they start off Eric Tara head of

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servitor e team sto to are right there

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to mount this telescope and here's the

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nighttime we didn't get to see this

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beautiful picture because it was daytime

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when I when we were there but I want to

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point out a couple of things here first

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of all of course this is the Milky Way

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but what we see here is the past

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actually the Milky Way expands one

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hundred eighty thousand light-years

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across the two thousand light years old

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but the most amazing thing here is that

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there are 100 to 400 billion stars in

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our galaxy so you cannot imagine how

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many star how many galaxies there in the

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universe and just try to strap like that

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to the number of stars it will just blow

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your mind number but it's obvious that

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with that with so many stars the Stars

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has to play an important role in how the

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universe evolves every scientific

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questions start with every scientific

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mission start with a question and we

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need to find answers to that question

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and that's what sto - I wanted to do

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let's start with this molecular cloud

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it's a lot of gas particle dust but a

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certain point collapses because of

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gravitational attraction and then all

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these particles start hitting each other

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and the temperature rises from kelvins

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to millions of

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degrees Celsius and because of the NSA

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gas the gas is gonna tend to expand so

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it has to be something that that cools

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down that cloud to make that collapse

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continue in order to eventually form the

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start so that happens with the two major

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coolants of the interstellar medium and

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ionized carbon and atomic oxygen so sto

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to will look at those emissions to try

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to trace this star form in Williams

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eventually we form stars and then

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planets and then the star will die as

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for sample a supernova and all that

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material is ejected back to the

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interstellar medium and the cycle just

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gets back to the beginning at every

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single point of this cycle we have a

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emissions in the far infrared of

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sub-meter waves that give us information

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and on what's going on we cannot see

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this in the optical spectrum because the

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clouds are back at those wavelength at

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these frequencies we can actually see

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through different clouds that are on the

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on your line of sight and see things

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that that basically happened in all in

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all of them these are the science goal

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of sto - as I said that our mind the

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lifecycle of interstellar dust and

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provide templates for star formation so

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coming back to these four in the

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beginning this is what we can see with

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our bare eye so quiet universe quite a

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sky we see our galaxy in the center it's

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beautiful right nothing not much going

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on it looks like it this is the visible

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but if we look at other frequency range

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things are different now there are lot

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of things that we cannot see with our

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bare eye that are going on this is for

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example gamma rays and this is the far

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infrared into some millimeter wave

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spectrum so now you can see here a lot

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of gas clouds nebulas that totally are

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for ministers there a lot of process

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going on there it's actually zoom in in

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one region here this is Orion this is a

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map of Orion at this a millimeter wave

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range and you can see all these

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emissions which are different molecules

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which are actually life enabling

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molecules to study in the universe at

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these frequencies give us an idea

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where we're coming from and when we're

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going in fact NASA Scobie this mission

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found out that 50% of the luminosity and

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90% of the photos immediately since the

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deep burn are in the sub millimeter

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range so it's really important to study

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the universe in these frequency ranges

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but how do we listen to the star

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well at the end it's like a radio so you

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have this a typical radio saying that

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you would use to tune your favorite

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radio station working at around 100

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megahertz

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so when we want to tune a carbon oxygen

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nitrogen we do the same it's pretty much

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the same concept is that the frequency

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is like 10,000 times

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Haggar which means that the circuit is

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that you have to build to build this

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radio actually now at this frequency are

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so small that actually fit in a piece of

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your hair they are micro sized so it's

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really challenging to design this

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technology to build a radio which we

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call now radio telescope to tune carbon

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nitrogen or other molecules so that's

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what we wanted to do so four or five

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years ago or four or five years before

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the mission started or the we went to

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Antarctica actually this is the concept

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this is the concept of the mission so we

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have a telescope it was a 0.8 meter

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telescope the signals of course are

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faint so we need large apertures you put

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everything you have there actually the

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receivers there on the back you put

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everything in the gondola that will hold

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to the volume you have certain

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electronics and computers here Sanjay

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communications antennas GPS of course

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elevations NASA mood control Laura will

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talk more about that on her talk and

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four years later four five years later

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here we are still two launch day in

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Antarctica December 2016 and now you

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have this beautiful concept so reality

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and these are radio telescope but I like

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to call it actually a time machine

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because I said that when we're looking

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at the start we're looking at the path

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so so I don't know if you really already

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a telescope or a time machine I think

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it's a very much in launch configuration

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so we have a huge helium balloon 40

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million cubic feet around 140 meter

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diameter at float you don't see him you

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don't see it fully inflated here because

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because it's just actually actually gets

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fully inflated when is our fluid

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altitude at 130,000 feet this is a cable

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that connects with the payload that you

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see here which is actually this is 22

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feet tall and the launch vehicle and

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so they're going to release the balloon

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the balloon is gonna line up there on

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top of the track the track is going to

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back off and police there alone without

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the payload of course crossing into the

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okay

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go away there you go

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so this actually is one of the most

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critical particle we have to go all the

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way through the atmosphere through all

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these thermal variation until we get up

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to to the stratosphere so you have to

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really design all these components very

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well so they take all that temperature

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[Applause]

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it's flying it's not spinning

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this is how it will look like from the

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gondola actually crazy right it's really

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impressive that's Mount Erebus

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huge volcano in the background and if

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you remember this from November right

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there's a very fancy looking control

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room that we have here at JPL and you

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have all these guys very happy with the

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inside landing on Mars it was after

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landing everyone concentrated here

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before so I'm tired guys pretty much the

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same right so this is Chris Walker the

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principal investigator of the mission

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from University of Arizona or the

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colleagues myself after lunch we were

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happy and concentrated here during the

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ascent and making sure that everything

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was working well so again balloon is

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just like doing science like in the old

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days right it's not as fancy as the

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flight missions that is really cool to

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be there so one of the regions that we

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saw with this mission was the Carina

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Nebula it's beautiful it's one of the

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most active star-forming regions Naru

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galaxy and I'm gonna let it here let

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this here and I will come back to this

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later this go back in time a little bit

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so this is not the first volume mission

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of course the first scientific balloon

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and none of the missions that you can

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find online is the first one actually

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the first NASA a long mission or if one

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of the first was this NASA echo it when

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all the way up to space this volume was

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00:13:17,760 --> 00:13:16,300
inspected in the space 1500 kilometers

277
00:13:20,490 --> 00:13:17,770
and it was a communications relay

278
00:13:23,790 --> 00:13:20,500
actually only some almost ferret

279
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:23,800
measurements but again that's not again

280
00:13:28,910 --> 00:13:25,510
that's not either the first scientific

281
00:13:31,110 --> 00:13:28,920
mission we go back to 1912 victor has

282
00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:31,120
took a ride on a balloon went all the

283
00:13:35,250 --> 00:13:32,830
way up to five point three kilometer to

284
00:13:38,430 --> 00:13:35,260
measure variations on radiation and

285
00:13:39,990 --> 00:13:38,440
because of these experiments in 1936 he

286
00:13:43,079 --> 00:13:40,000
got the Nobel Prize in thesis for

287
00:13:44,580 --> 00:13:43,089
discovering the cosmic rays so balloons

288
00:13:49,380 --> 00:13:44,590
give you made

289
00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:49,390
in science since then more than 10,000

290
00:13:54,180 --> 00:13:51,850
million missions and Counting in

291
00:13:55,890 --> 00:13:54,190
astrophysics earth planetary science

292
00:13:58,200 --> 00:13:55,900
most of them actually are in

293
00:14:00,090 --> 00:13:58,210
astrophysics and I don't wanna go

294
00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:00,100
through the list but I want to point out

295
00:14:05,130 --> 00:14:01,450
that many of the holes are in the far

296
00:14:06,630 --> 00:14:05,140
infrared gamma rays cause x-rays and

297
00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:06,640
this is a reason for that

298
00:14:11,130 --> 00:14:09,490
and the reason is there are most fear

299
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:11,140
blogs the radiation at those frequency

300
00:14:17,790 --> 00:14:14,110
wavelengths so you really need to go to

301
00:14:20,010 --> 00:14:17,800
a space or go almost to a space which is

302
00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:20,020
for example why you want to go up alone

303
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:21,670
you could go to to an airplane as well

304
00:14:27,030 --> 00:14:23,710
not in this frequency range but in this

305
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:27,040
but again it's not as clear as it is no

306
00:14:33,110 --> 00:14:30,010
space for our specific project or

307
00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:33,120
mission the Semana bit of wave spectrum

308
00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:35,650
this is how they cooperate imagine your

309
00:14:40,020 --> 00:14:37,420
cell phone and going here to Atacama and

310
00:14:42,330 --> 00:14:40,030
now your cell phone is trying to receive

311
00:14:45,270 --> 00:14:42,340
this ionized carbon and oxygen from

312
00:14:46,980 --> 00:14:45,280
start at four point two kilometers where

313
00:14:49,020 --> 00:14:46,990
those carbon and oxygen emissions lines

314
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:49,030
hurt there's no coverage so we cannot

315
00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:51,310
see anything well let's go to an

316
00:14:55,620 --> 00:14:53,830
airplane this is how the sky looks like

317
00:14:57,570 --> 00:14:55,630
with the Sofia and NASA Sofia airplane

318
00:14:59,390 --> 00:14:57,580
it's getting better but still a lot of

319
00:15:02,790 --> 00:14:59,400
regions where you cannot really see much

320
00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:02,800
so we go with a balloon things look much

321
00:15:10,110 --> 00:15:07,930
better so that's one reason why we want

322
00:15:12,450 --> 00:15:10,120
to use balloons but there are other

323
00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:12,460
reasons like the noisy demonstrations

324
00:15:16,650 --> 00:15:14,650
caused we have seen that for our

325
00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:16,660
specific application we don't really

326
00:15:22,260 --> 00:15:18,460
want to go with a ground telescope

327
00:15:24,660 --> 00:15:22,270
because we cannot see anything but it's

328
00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:24,670
not cheap either so the course of Alma

329
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:26,710
for example it is more than 1 billion

330
00:15:32,250 --> 00:15:30,010
dollar it's not cheap we can go to space

331
00:15:34,110 --> 00:15:32,260
but it's of course very expensive you

332
00:15:36,090 --> 00:15:34,120
have to have a very reliable Airy well

333
00:15:38,850 --> 00:15:36,100
test is reliable technology very much it

334
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:38,860
and not only very low raise things have

335
00:15:43,710 --> 00:15:42,010
to be tested and documented properly so

336
00:15:45,870 --> 00:15:43,720
this mission Herschel Space Telescope

337
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:45,880
goes has some limited wave

338
00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:49,510
mission far infrared it cost is around 1

339
00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:53,050
billion dollars we can go airborne with

340
00:15:57,300 --> 00:15:55,360
Sofia again is for what we wanted to do

341
00:15:59,850 --> 00:15:57,310
is not the best but is be blueberry

342
00:16:03,809 --> 00:15:59,860
data but it's not cheap either because

343
00:16:06,239 --> 00:16:03,819
100 million per year more or less but if

344
00:16:08,610 --> 00:16:06,249
we go with a balloon now the course is

345
00:16:10,139 --> 00:16:08,620
between five and ten million dollar so

346
00:16:12,179 --> 00:16:10,149
that means that you can test new

347
00:16:13,590 --> 00:16:12,189
technologies get that level of maturity

348
00:16:16,799 --> 00:16:13,600
they must read those technologies in

349
00:16:19,860 --> 00:16:16,809
flight and that way you can pave the

350
00:16:22,079 --> 00:16:19,870
future for future space missions and

351
00:16:25,980 --> 00:16:22,089
then you can also learn and recover the

352
00:16:28,889 --> 00:16:25,990
the payload do updates and fly again

353
00:16:30,299 --> 00:16:28,899
it's actually a perfect way to do this

354
00:16:34,290 --> 00:16:30,309
technology demonstration at the same

355
00:16:36,299 --> 00:16:34,300
time that you get great science but the

356
00:16:38,129 --> 00:16:36,309
no degree that we use in balloons it can

357
00:16:40,230 --> 00:16:38,139
be used for many other space missions in

358
00:16:41,730 --> 00:16:40,240
the future as we are saying it paves the

359
00:16:43,530 --> 00:16:41,740
way for future space missions so for

360
00:16:45,269 --> 00:16:43,540
this specific technology that we were

361
00:16:47,519 --> 00:16:45,279
using an sto tool it can be used for

362
00:16:48,989 --> 00:16:47,529
water mapping ocean walls it could be

363
00:16:49,670 --> 00:16:48,999
used for water and thermal map Eirik

364
00:16:52,079 --> 00:16:49,680
comets

365
00:16:55,319 --> 00:16:52,089
it could be used for monitoring Earth's

366
00:16:57,329 --> 00:16:55,329
health for somebody's ass so also on map

367
00:17:01,499 --> 00:16:57,339
and I was taken with our mission that is

368
00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:01,509
currently flying we can do Atmospheric

369
00:17:05,549 --> 00:17:03,850
experiments as well like are going range

370
00:17:08,549 --> 00:17:05,559
weather imaging or understand clouds

371
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:08,559
humidity so a lot of applications well

372
00:17:14,460 --> 00:17:12,010
okay for years we have all these crazy

373
00:17:18,510 --> 00:17:14,470
small series that we have to develop and

374
00:17:21,029 --> 00:17:18,520
put together and we did it this is in

375
00:17:23,309 --> 00:17:21,039
Texas when we put all this together the

376
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:23,319
first time and this old a tin and I

377
00:17:27,539 --> 00:17:24,970
imagine that you bill at 10,000 pieces

378
00:17:29,730 --> 00:17:27,549
possible and I tell you you need to take

379
00:17:31,320 --> 00:17:29,740
it apart and rebuild it in just a couple

380
00:17:33,210 --> 00:17:31,330
of hours you will tell me why you're

381
00:17:34,799 --> 00:17:33,220
crazy we're not going to do that well

382
00:17:36,810 --> 00:17:34,809
that what we did we took the telescope

383
00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:36,820
apart put it in boxes and send it to

384
00:17:44,789 --> 00:17:41,200
Ontario so here we go everyone in the

385
00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:44,799
team the others in LA we fly from here

386
00:17:49,649 --> 00:17:47,770
to Sydney Australia a few hours there

387
00:17:50,430 --> 00:17:49,659
then Kreitzer New Zealand you have some

388
00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:50,440
training there

389
00:17:56,149 --> 00:17:53,110
survival training you get the cold

390
00:17:59,340 --> 00:17:56,159
weather gear there finally you take a

391
00:18:03,990 --> 00:17:59,350
military an Air Force aircraft to go to

392
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:04,000
McMurdo Station Antarctica this is the

393
00:18:08,510 --> 00:18:05,890
beginning of my trip and it's not that I

394
00:18:11,070 --> 00:18:08,520
thought I was very interesting for you

395
00:18:15,149 --> 00:18:11,080
in my luggage

396
00:18:17,440 --> 00:18:15,159
but what you see here is actually a

397
00:18:19,450 --> 00:18:17,450
subsystem of the radio telescope it's

398
00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:19,460
very sensitive for the list of static

399
00:18:24,010 --> 00:18:21,650
discharges so we kind of just put it in

400
00:18:25,419 --> 00:18:24,020
our boat for six months and aspect that

401
00:18:26,860 --> 00:18:25,429
is working we need to take it with us

402
00:18:29,140 --> 00:18:26,870
and make sure that it's transport in the

403
00:18:30,130 --> 00:18:29,150
correct way sand it's like doing science

404
00:18:32,770 --> 00:18:30,140
like in the old days right

405
00:18:35,830 --> 00:18:32,780
so I crossed when I cross the wall with

406
00:18:37,570 --> 00:18:35,840
that actually you see there in the table

407
00:18:39,490 --> 00:18:37,580
you can see it afterwards the big piece

408
00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:39,500
there is one of the part over here that

409
00:18:46,659 --> 00:18:42,650
flew and would recover after I brought

410
00:18:48,789 --> 00:18:46,669
it back this is myself were in the cold

411
00:18:50,860 --> 00:18:48,799
weather here in before boarding the

412
00:18:53,770 --> 00:18:50,870
flight and it's not that I wanted just

413
00:18:55,779 --> 00:18:53,780
to take their clothes to I mean put on

414
00:18:58,450 --> 00:18:55,789
those clothes to take a photo in front

415
00:19:01,680 --> 00:18:58,460
of the passenger terminal here for

416
00:19:03,610 --> 00:19:01,690
Facebook which I really wanted okay

417
00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:03,620
it's because we need to board the

418
00:19:07,810 --> 00:19:05,210
airplane like that just in case that

419
00:19:09,399 --> 00:19:07,820
something happen you you know you maybe

420
00:19:13,570 --> 00:19:09,409
you can survive on the ice for I don't

421
00:19:16,990 --> 00:19:13,580
know a couple of hours so here we go it

422
00:19:23,409 --> 00:19:17,000
this is the airplane the user for

423
00:19:31,060 --> 00:19:23,419
airplane and you fly like like this stop

424
00:19:35,049 --> 00:19:31,070
working okay so do you fly like cargo so

425
00:19:36,010 --> 00:19:35,059
you have all the the food their parts

426
00:19:38,350 --> 00:19:36,020
and everything you know all the

427
00:19:39,880 --> 00:19:38,360
scientists and all the person and their

428
00:19:41,710 --> 00:19:39,890
cargo but believe it or not is more

429
00:19:48,450 --> 00:19:41,720
comfortable than a commercial flight see

430
00:19:55,419 --> 00:19:52,659
okay so another reason why we want to go

431
00:19:56,860 --> 00:19:55,429
to Antarctica well it's one of the first

432
00:19:59,110 --> 00:19:56,870
photos I took from the airplane when we

433
00:20:01,090 --> 00:19:59,120
got there and you see here is beautiful

434
00:20:03,460 --> 00:20:01,100
right but there's nothing so your

435
00:20:04,750 --> 00:20:03,470
balloon fails and falls the worst thing

436
00:20:08,799 --> 00:20:04,760
that can happen is you make a hole on

437
00:20:13,659 --> 00:20:08,809
the ice not a big deal but the key point

438
00:20:16,149 --> 00:20:13,669
is that the Antarctic borders keep this

439
00:20:17,680 --> 00:20:16,159
wind circulating around the continent so

440
00:20:20,260 --> 00:20:17,690
when we launch the balloon the balloon

441
00:20:21,850 --> 00:20:20,270
goes around and around the continent it

442
00:20:23,230 --> 00:20:21,860
doesn't go out and then you can just

443
00:20:23,930 --> 00:20:23,240
after your mission is complete you can

444
00:20:28,249 --> 00:20:23,940
recover the

445
00:20:30,830 --> 00:20:28,259
you can continue another problem well

446
00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:30,840
there's no really a an airport so here

447
00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:32,850
you have this huge airplane landing on

448
00:20:39,049 --> 00:20:35,730
the ice is this smooth as landing and I

449
00:20:43,369 --> 00:20:39,059
ever seen in an airplane is it was

450
00:20:48,799 --> 00:20:43,379
amazing just really really soft my MARTA

451
00:20:51,519 --> 00:20:48,809
station you see looks like like a whole

452
00:20:54,740 --> 00:20:51,529
scientific base but really really cool

453
00:20:57,529 --> 00:20:54,750
the sea is there more interesting things

454
00:20:59,419 --> 00:20:57,539
this is Robert five bonus codes had that

455
00:21:00,529 --> 00:20:59,429
he will enduring suspicion to the South

456
00:21:02,269 --> 00:21:00,539
Pole is still there

457
00:21:04,789 --> 00:21:02,279
actually you can go in there and you

458
00:21:06,860 --> 00:21:04,799
have even these food cans still there it

459
00:21:09,019 --> 00:21:06,870
smells not really well but it's very

460
00:21:11,269 --> 00:21:09,029
cool to feel like those whole explorers

461
00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:11,279
and that's what balloon is in the end

462
00:21:15,019 --> 00:21:13,200
right you just go there and try to put

463
00:21:16,909 --> 00:21:15,029
the time balloon on a giant telescope in

464
00:21:17,779 --> 00:21:16,919
a balloon and feel like a Explorer it's

465
00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:17,789
really really cool

466
00:21:24,259 --> 00:21:22,320
the beach is frozen they tell you that

467
00:21:26,419 --> 00:21:24,269
they do there is a crack and you fool

468
00:21:28,850 --> 00:21:26,429
you have ten minutes to get out I found

469
00:21:30,680 --> 00:21:28,860
a crack I put my hand and tell anyone I

470
00:21:32,299 --> 00:21:30,690
think that I wouldn't make it more than

471
00:21:39,039 --> 00:21:32,309
one minute this is really really cool

472
00:21:41,060 --> 00:21:39,049
a galley first station a small hospital

473
00:21:43,129 --> 00:21:41,070
don't expect to get hardly there

474
00:21:44,779 --> 00:21:43,139
something happened they need to medevac

475
00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:44,789
you and there are not many flight so

476
00:21:49,549 --> 00:21:46,649
there's you get really well tested

477
00:21:52,249 --> 00:21:49,559
before going there and ice a lot of ice

478
00:21:54,950 --> 00:21:52,259
this is most beautiful eyes I ever seen

479
00:21:59,090 --> 00:21:54,960
in my life it's just this turquoise blue

480
00:22:01,159 --> 00:21:59,100
just beautiful and some challenges well

481
00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:01,169
this is malaria view this is the view

482
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:03,330
from our office or our hangar we were

483
00:22:10,340 --> 00:22:06,710
when we were building telescopes is

484
00:22:12,529 --> 00:22:10,350
active supervolcano this actual fumes

485
00:22:14,210 --> 00:22:12,539
from the volcano and it's very close if

486
00:22:20,899 --> 00:22:14,220
these things get crazy I don't think

487
00:22:22,580 --> 00:22:20,909
that we can run or ski fast enough this

488
00:22:24,110 --> 00:22:22,590
is the hunger it was we were not at my

489
00:22:25,669 --> 00:22:24,120
mother we were like 40 minutes away from

490
00:22:28,369 --> 00:22:25,679
a murder we have to take a transport

491
00:22:30,499 --> 00:22:28,379
every morning this is the sea ice and

492
00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:30,509
this is important because we have this

493
00:22:32,990 --> 00:22:32,490
very small devices that they are really

494
00:22:35,570 --> 00:22:33,000
sensitive

495
00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:35,580
there's no ground connection here

496
00:22:39,799 --> 00:22:37,710
you basically have to be very very

497
00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:39,809
careful when you assemble the telescope

498
00:22:43,789 --> 00:22:42,360
back again because any discharge and is

499
00:22:45,049 --> 00:22:43,799
worried right there so you have to be

500
00:22:47,690 --> 00:22:45,059
really careful on where all these

501
00:22:49,340 --> 00:22:47,700
protections because if you discharge on

502
00:22:53,930 --> 00:22:49,350
your equipment

503
00:22:56,180 --> 00:22:53,940
you know you kill it stormy days is the

504
00:22:58,820 --> 00:22:56,190
same photo a stormy days in two or three

505
00:23:00,259 --> 00:22:58,830
minutes do you get whiteout so you need

506
00:23:02,269 --> 00:23:00,269
to be careful when this happened because

507
00:23:03,619 --> 00:23:02,279
you don't pretend to be walking around

508
00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:03,629
when you don't see anything you don't

509
00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:06,690
want to fall into a crevasse not a good

510
00:23:10,070 --> 00:23:07,369
idea

511
00:23:12,049 --> 00:23:10,080
and another important thing again we

512
00:23:14,450 --> 00:23:12,059
have to put together these 10,000 pieces

513
00:23:16,820 --> 00:23:14,460
passive in you know it takes four weeks

514
00:23:19,430 --> 00:23:16,830
so don't forget anything we have to take

515
00:23:20,989 --> 00:23:19,440
all the tools all the parts all the part

516
00:23:22,940 --> 00:23:20,999
that we might need if something goes

517
00:23:26,239 --> 00:23:22,950
wrong to fit wood whatever it goes wrong

518
00:23:29,419 --> 00:23:26,249
their own place because if something

519
00:23:30,799 --> 00:23:29,429
goes bad you cannot call Amazon you have

520
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:30,809
to do it yourself so you remember this

521
00:23:35,899 --> 00:23:33,690
one Apollo 13 the issue of AC to filter

522
00:23:39,259 --> 00:23:35,909
when they have to make the round filters

523
00:23:40,639 --> 00:23:39,269
to to fit in the square hole and they

524
00:23:42,830 --> 00:23:40,649
have to do it with whatever they have in

525
00:23:44,509 --> 00:23:42,840
the spacecraft so pretty much like that

526
00:23:47,450 --> 00:23:44,519
there so whatever you have there would

527
00:23:50,710 --> 00:23:47,460
you need to use inside the hangar the

528
00:23:52,879 --> 00:23:50,720
scientists it in there and top floor

529
00:23:55,669 --> 00:23:52,889
engineers working on the telescope here

530
00:23:56,960 --> 00:23:55,679
a lot of parts again all these powerful

531
00:24:00,379 --> 00:23:56,970
this pass shall have to come back

532
00:24:01,940 --> 00:24:00,389
together in four weeks the receiver the

533
00:24:03,799 --> 00:24:01,950
silicon a metre telescope that you see

534
00:24:06,289 --> 00:24:03,809
here the solar panels thousands of

535
00:24:09,560 --> 00:24:06,299
cables here you really need to get

536
00:24:11,899 --> 00:24:09,570
inside and connect cables so we're

537
00:24:13,820 --> 00:24:11,909
telemetry to control the gondola and the

538
00:24:17,989 --> 00:24:13,830
instrument on flight the parachute for

539
00:24:20,029 --> 00:24:17,999
the landing and at some point again we

540
00:24:23,599 --> 00:24:20,039
think we made it happen and that was

541
00:24:26,330 --> 00:24:23,609
back together one piece pork in but we

542
00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:26,340
have a last problem which is like you

543
00:24:30,259 --> 00:24:28,320
have a telescope right so what you need

544
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:30,269
to test a telescope you need stars or

545
00:24:34,970 --> 00:24:33,210
planets right but it's daylight so how

546
00:24:37,039 --> 00:24:34,980
do we find or how do we really point to

547
00:24:38,810 --> 00:24:37,049
stars and also we have seen we have that

548
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:38,820
we cannot receive the signal that we

549
00:24:43,159 --> 00:24:41,039
want to see from the ground right okay

550
00:24:45,889 --> 00:24:43,169
well you know have a start do it

551
00:24:47,570 --> 00:24:45,899
yourselves so what we did is to create a

552
00:24:49,129 --> 00:24:47,580
transmitter that you can see here in

553
00:24:50,979 --> 00:24:49,139
front of the telescope

554
00:24:53,330 --> 00:24:50,989
transmitted a signal that somehow

555
00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:53,340
reproduce the signal that we will see

556
00:24:57,739 --> 00:24:56,220
from a star transmitted here to this

557
00:25:01,039 --> 00:24:57,749
reflector which was on top of a

558
00:25:03,619 --> 00:25:01,049
container far away and point the

559
00:25:06,789 --> 00:25:03,629
telescope to that fake star and do all

560
00:25:10,609 --> 00:25:06,799
the calibration focusing pointing

561
00:25:12,039 --> 00:25:10,619
adjustment that we needed of course at

562
00:25:14,210 --> 00:25:12,049
the end you have to make sure that

563
00:25:16,399 --> 00:25:14,220
you're actually looking at your fake

564
00:25:17,779 --> 00:25:16,409
star so you have to go there and cover

565
00:25:19,159 --> 00:25:17,789
the reflector and make sure the signal

566
00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:19,169
goes away please don't do this with a

567
00:25:25,489 --> 00:25:19,950
real star

568
00:25:29,649 --> 00:25:25,499
you'll get burned okay for I said four

569
00:25:36,259 --> 00:25:29,659
years in four weeks but in 90 second

570
00:25:38,330 --> 00:25:36,269
this is how it looks like so what you're

571
00:25:40,430 --> 00:25:38,340
seeing is the telescope just four on top

572
00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:40,440
of the receiver and now advanced in the

573
00:25:46,279 --> 00:25:44,129
gondola they're going to put on the boat

574
00:25:48,549 --> 00:25:46,289
on the computers and communication

575
00:25:51,590 --> 00:25:48,559
systems and then we're going to start

576
00:25:54,139 --> 00:25:51,600
assembling the solar panels and when all

577
00:25:56,830 --> 00:25:54,149
that is done they get outside and do all

578
00:25:59,389 --> 00:25:56,840
these communication tests and

579
00:26:00,560 --> 00:25:59,399
transmission tests to make sure that the

580
00:26:01,970 --> 00:26:00,570
instrument does interfere with the

581
00:26:04,789 --> 00:26:01,980
communications and all that and of

582
00:26:07,580 --> 00:26:04,799
course that everything is working after

583
00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:07,590
that you are ready to fly you bring it

584
00:26:11,180 --> 00:26:09,570
back inside and you just wait until

585
00:26:14,450 --> 00:26:11,190
there's a day where the weather is good

586
00:26:16,190 --> 00:26:14,460
the winds are good to go for launch

587
00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:16,200
so here you see we were doing some

588
00:26:22,659 --> 00:26:19,980
communication tests back inside everyone

589
00:26:25,039 --> 00:26:22,669
happy getting ready for launch

590
00:26:28,279 --> 00:26:25,049
as you see everyone was so excited and

591
00:26:32,509 --> 00:26:28,289
doing things very fast we were not that

592
00:26:35,479 --> 00:26:32,519
fast though they put the landing pads on

593
00:26:38,810 --> 00:26:35,489
the bottom and it's waiting for the

594
00:26:40,820 --> 00:26:38,820
winds to come down and you go to the

595
00:26:53,990 --> 00:26:40,830
launch pad which is very fancy and it's

596
00:27:01,889 --> 00:26:56,310
previous one was real timed is it not

597
00:27:02,370 --> 00:27:01,899
obviously and everyone was really really

598
00:27:05,399 --> 00:27:02,380
happy

599
00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:05,409
teamwork thing works teamwork so you

600
00:27:09,240 --> 00:27:08,500
kind of really build this rebuild this

601
00:27:11,750 --> 00:27:09,250
in four weeks

602
00:27:13,649 --> 00:27:11,760
if you don't really work well alone I

603
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:13,659
wouldn't call them colleagues I think

604
00:27:17,549 --> 00:27:15,250
they are really really good friends we

605
00:27:20,250 --> 00:27:17,559
spend so much time together that we got

606
00:27:23,310 --> 00:27:20,260
really really close do you have to do

607
00:27:24,509 --> 00:27:23,320
this very fast as I said it's different

608
00:27:26,730 --> 00:27:24,519
to a space mission where you have much

609
00:27:27,899 --> 00:27:26,740
more time you do this relatively fast so

610
00:27:30,419 --> 00:27:27,909
you don't really need to trust each

611
00:27:32,159 --> 00:27:30,429
other all these guys are amazing in what

612
00:27:34,169 --> 00:27:32,169
they do and you have to really trust

613
00:27:36,629 --> 00:27:34,179
each other work well together

614
00:27:38,820 --> 00:27:36,639
you're there on the ice 24 hours a day

615
00:27:41,370 --> 00:27:38,830
together and you really need to work

616
00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:41,380
well also balanced and Laura will talk

617
00:27:47,340 --> 00:27:42,940
more about that it's a great way to

618
00:27:49,169 --> 00:27:47,350
bring students young scientists to

619
00:27:52,259 --> 00:27:49,179
basically bring them to the process of

620
00:27:56,120 --> 00:27:52,269
building a whole mission from end to end

621
00:28:02,220 --> 00:27:56,130
and pregnant for future space missions a

622
00:28:04,889 --> 00:28:02,230
lot of universities and another centers

623
00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:04,899
working together so again you cannot

624
00:28:09,090 --> 00:28:06,570
really do this alone there's a lot of

625
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:09,100
people working on this and a lot of them

626
00:28:15,539 --> 00:28:12,610
that are not in the photo so sto to flew

627
00:28:17,879 --> 00:28:15,549
for 21 days it went around the continent

628
00:28:21,509 --> 00:28:17,889
twice and when the mission was completed

629
00:28:33,899 --> 00:28:21,519
well we just landed so it's not fun our

630
00:28:37,520 --> 00:28:33,909
mission but is how it looks like and

631
00:28:43,580 --> 00:28:40,910
now start fooling this is from from

632
00:28:47,450 --> 00:28:43,590
outside view you can see how massive the

633
00:28:51,740 --> 00:28:47,460
balloon is compared to the payload that

634
00:28:54,290 --> 00:28:51,750
is their really really impressive this

635
00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:54,300
is how it duplex on so it's really space

636
00:29:00,440 --> 00:28:55,950
is pretty much the space you can see how

637
00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:00,450
high we're flying 130,000 feet and you

638
00:29:06,650 --> 00:29:05,130
can land back on the ice and I know that

639
00:29:08,330 --> 00:29:06,660
you were wondering if we do something

640
00:29:11,150 --> 00:29:08,340
else than other than working in

641
00:29:13,310 --> 00:29:11,160
Antarctica well this is New Year's Eve

642
00:29:16,010 --> 00:29:13,320
in Antarctica ice token starting Music

643
00:29:19,610 --> 00:29:16,020
Festival we actually have like 20 bands

644
00:29:21,170 --> 00:29:19,620
playing that day and it happened it was

645
00:29:24,710 --> 00:29:21,180
a coincidence that we ended our mission

646
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:24,720
just and New Year's you know it was not

647
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:26,490
for us but you know we can say that they

648
00:29:30,920 --> 00:29:28,410
organized a party for the team

649
00:29:34,460 --> 00:29:30,930
it was really cool by the way midnight

650
00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:34,470
they liked all the time so it was very

651
00:29:40,270 --> 00:29:37,290
very cool to to be in New Year's

652
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:40,280
actually in the big light all the time a

653
00:29:43,940 --> 00:29:42,930
few weeks later I think was two weeks we

654
00:29:46,160 --> 00:29:43,950
recovered the payload

655
00:29:47,780 --> 00:29:46,170
this is how it look like so you see the

656
00:29:49,220 --> 00:29:47,790
solar panels are of course broken but

657
00:29:52,070 --> 00:29:49,230
the solar panels are cheap you can just

658
00:29:54,980 --> 00:29:52,080
buy new ones um and put them back

659
00:29:59,060 --> 00:29:54,990
together the gondola was intact this is

660
00:30:00,680 --> 00:29:59,070
the force data and this is how it looks

661
00:30:03,050 --> 00:30:00,690
like in the hangar back in the hangar so

662
00:30:06,860 --> 00:30:03,060
again it just looks like new everything

663
00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:06,870
was working this part who was one of the

664
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:08,490
subsystem that I took with me you can

665
00:30:12,740 --> 00:30:11,010
have a look afterwards still working we

666
00:30:15,110 --> 00:30:12,750
recover from the eyes we brought it back

667
00:30:17,330 --> 00:30:15,120
still working and the other one there is

668
00:30:20,750 --> 00:30:17,340
the new generation that we're trying to

669
00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:20,760
fly in it because that's the advantage

670
00:30:24,890 --> 00:30:23,130
of the alone we can now update with new

671
00:30:26,690 --> 00:30:24,900
technology with an a generation of

672
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:26,700
technology and fly again

673
00:30:31,550 --> 00:30:29,610
and try new things actually because of

674
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:31,560
the success of Sto - there's another

675
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:32,970
mission called gas - that will fly in

676
00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:36,210
2021 and we're working on other concepts

677
00:30:43,190 --> 00:30:40,890
to fly larger telescopes more broadband

678
00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:43,200
coverage - tuned to different frequency

679
00:30:49,940 --> 00:30:46,290
lines so so this just again paves the

680
00:30:51,430 --> 00:30:49,950
way for future missions but yeah we're

681
00:30:53,889 --> 00:30:51,440
ready for another flight yeah

682
00:31:08,740 --> 00:30:53,899
but I think after all those that time in

683
00:31:10,990 --> 00:31:08,750
the eyes I think the team but the

684
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:11,000
mission is not accomplished unless you

685
00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:13,610
don't get science and this is the

686
00:31:21,430 --> 00:31:18,110
science with God from the sto - you can

687
00:31:24,399 --> 00:31:21,440
see here rotate those bags or space or

688
00:31:27,879 --> 00:31:24,409
carbon that we saw I showed you this

689
00:31:29,710 --> 00:31:27,889
photo before and if you see an optical

690
00:31:32,529 --> 00:31:29,720
image of there really on there there is

691
00:31:35,350 --> 00:31:32,539
nothing here with sto - we saw carbons

692
00:31:38,769 --> 00:31:35,360
emission there so sto - actually found

693
00:31:43,930 --> 00:31:38,779
out how young massive stars impact the

694
00:31:46,060 --> 00:31:43,940
surrounding cloud and that maybe maybe

695
00:31:49,330 --> 00:31:46,070
regulate how they start forming process

696
00:31:51,669 --> 00:31:49,340
work so really good science again it

697
00:31:54,220 --> 00:31:51,679
will be more in future flies but we got

698
00:31:59,440 --> 00:31:54,230
an amazing science with this low budget

699
00:32:01,180 --> 00:31:59,450
value mission so I want to conclude with

700
00:32:04,090 --> 00:32:01,190
this paragraph that aggro'd and December

701
00:32:05,919 --> 00:32:04,100
15 from a mother station target so today

702
00:32:09,549 --> 00:32:05,929
we got the first detection of carbon

703
00:32:12,129 --> 00:32:09,559
emitted by nearby ETA Carinae 7500 years

704
00:32:13,360 --> 00:32:12,139
ago that's the time the signal takes to

705
00:32:15,820 --> 00:32:13,370
get to Earth from the Carina

706
00:32:17,889 --> 00:32:15,830
constellation carbon is basic to life

707
00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:17,899
and this carbon emissions we are seeing

708
00:32:21,299 --> 00:32:19,940
today might turn into life in several

709
00:32:24,610 --> 00:32:21,309
million years from now

710
00:32:26,110 --> 00:32:24,620
likewise ourselves our carbon was

711
00:32:29,379 --> 00:32:26,120
probably part of a distant star-forming

712
00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:29,389
region millions of years ago so today as

713
00:32:33,460 --> 00:32:30,799
we look at the stars from the most

714
00:32:36,310 --> 00:32:33,470
remote part of our plane a planet using

715
00:32:38,139 --> 00:32:36,320
a large telescope on a giant balloon we

716
00:32:40,270 --> 00:32:38,149
dig into our paths to pry understand our

717
00:32:49,230 --> 00:32:40,280
future thank you

718
00:32:52,210 --> 00:32:49,240
[Applause]

719
00:32:55,030 --> 00:32:52,220
Thank You Jose now our second speaker

720
00:32:56,740 --> 00:32:55,040
dr. Laura Jones Wilson earned her BS in

721
00:32:59,590 --> 00:32:56,750
aerospace engineering at Virginia Tech

722
00:33:01,510 --> 00:32:59,600
in 2007 went on to study at Cornell

723
00:33:03,480 --> 00:33:01,520
University where she obtained her MS and

724
00:33:06,880 --> 00:33:03,490
PhD in aerospace engineering

725
00:33:07,870 --> 00:33:06,890
specializing in dynamics and controls of

726
00:33:10,390 --> 00:33:07,880
space systems

727
00:33:12,940 --> 00:33:10,400
she joined JPL in 2012 as a guidance

728
00:33:14,650 --> 00:33:12,950
engineer for stable a balloon based

729
00:33:16,540 --> 00:33:14,660
pointing technology demonstration

730
00:33:18,790 --> 00:33:16,550
mission currently she is a systems

731
00:33:20,020 --> 00:33:18,800
engineer on Europa clipper responsible

732
00:33:21,820 --> 00:33:20,030
for ensuring the solar arrays

733
00:33:31,840 --> 00:33:21,830
accommodate the radar instrument please

734
00:33:33,190 --> 00:33:31,850
welcome dr. Jones Wilson hi thanks for

735
00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:33,200
coming out tonight I'm really excited to

736
00:33:36,790 --> 00:33:35,000
be here so I'm Laura

737
00:33:39,940 --> 00:33:36,800
and I am going to be talking to you

738
00:33:42,070 --> 00:33:39,950
about how the kind of other side the

739
00:33:43,330 --> 00:33:42,080
darks the dark arts of the ballooning

740
00:33:45,700 --> 00:33:43,340
missions which was the engineering side

741
00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:45,710
and how it's really a crucible for not

742
00:33:49,630 --> 00:33:47,360
only the science as Jose was talking

743
00:33:53,890 --> 00:33:49,640
about but also the the technology and

744
00:33:55,510 --> 00:33:53,900
the teaming so Jose went and gave a

745
00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:55,520
really good introduction about all the

746
00:33:59,320 --> 00:33:56,930
different science you can do on here and

747
00:34:01,030 --> 00:33:59,330
some really cool apps aspects of it so

748
00:34:02,470 --> 00:34:01,040
as he mentioned one of the reasons

749
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:02,480
balloons are so interesting as a

750
00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:04,010
platform is because they offer a lot of

751
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:06,110
advantages over other opportunities for

752
00:34:09,730 --> 00:34:07,970
science so for example from a

753
00:34:11,530 --> 00:34:09,740
ground-based mission you can actually

754
00:34:13,870 --> 00:34:11,540
have more tailored hardware you can pick

755
00:34:15,940 --> 00:34:13,880
your own particular instrument or

756
00:34:17,409 --> 00:34:15,950
mission and fly that instead of maybe

757
00:34:19,570 --> 00:34:17,419
what's available on the ground already

758
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:19,580
you also get really clear seeing you get

759
00:34:23,740 --> 00:34:21,530
lower wind speeds and larger coherence

760
00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:23,750
lengths higher up and you can actually

761
00:34:27,130 --> 00:34:25,970
access different spectral bands so Jose

762
00:34:28,630 --> 00:34:27,140
was talking about all the different ones

763
00:34:30,250 --> 00:34:28,640
that get blocked by the atmosphere in

764
00:34:31,630 --> 00:34:30,260
order to be able to see those you really

765
00:34:32,669 --> 00:34:31,640
have to go above the atmosphere and

766
00:34:35,169 --> 00:34:32,679
balloons give you that opportunity

767
00:34:37,030 --> 00:34:35,179
another thing you can do as compared to

768
00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:37,040
orbital systems for example it's a much

769
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:39,050
lower cost so obviously Jose I was

770
00:34:42,220 --> 00:34:40,910
talking about how that's a more frequent

771
00:34:44,470 --> 00:34:42,230
you can actually put up some more

772
00:34:46,090 --> 00:34:44,480
opportunities with your instrument and

773
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:46,100
you get to recover your hardware which

774
00:34:48,430 --> 00:34:47,210
isn't usually what you get to do with

775
00:34:49,990 --> 00:34:48,440
spacecraft and you can maybe even

776
00:34:52,240 --> 00:34:50,000
upgrade it and fly it again or over and

777
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:52,250
over and get science and increasing

778
00:34:56,710 --> 00:34:53,450
quantities as you go through the

779
00:34:57,940 --> 00:34:56,720
different life cycles so all the

780
00:34:59,650 --> 00:34:57,950
different science we talked a little bit

781
00:35:00,290 --> 00:34:59,660
about astronomy and the astronomy that

782
00:35:01,430 --> 00:35:00,300
you can do from

783
00:35:03,890 --> 00:35:01,440
there's a lot of really cool things you

784
00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:03,900
can see black holes dark matter cosmic

785
00:35:08,150 --> 00:35:06,750
rays even exoplanets there's also some

786
00:35:09,740 --> 00:35:08,160
proposed to explorations out there that

787
00:35:11,690 --> 00:35:09,750
are really cool some of the work that

788
00:35:14,990 --> 00:35:11,700
there's being done right here at JPL is

789
00:35:17,060 --> 00:35:15,000
studying ways of measuring quakes on

790
00:35:19,370 --> 00:35:17,070
Venus from balloons that you put around

791
00:35:22,220 --> 00:35:19,380
on Venus itself so you don't have to sit

792
00:35:23,180 --> 00:35:22,230
on the ground at 800 Fahrenheit and try

793
00:35:24,380 --> 00:35:23,190
to take the measurements you can

794
00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:24,390
actually try to make those measurements

795
00:35:28,850 --> 00:35:26,130
from higher up and get the measurements

796
00:35:30,710 --> 00:35:28,860
that way on earth we can actually do

797
00:35:32,840 --> 00:35:30,720
climate measurements magnetic field

798
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:32,850
stratospheric chemistry winds all of

799
00:35:36,440 --> 00:35:34,410
these other great things we can learn by

800
00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:36,450
actually being in that wind collar or

801
00:35:39,770 --> 00:35:38,430
that air column there and then solar

802
00:35:42,410 --> 00:35:39,780
science we can actually study how the

803
00:35:43,850 --> 00:35:42,420
solar winds come out from the Sun and

804
00:35:45,890 --> 00:35:43,860
interact with magnetic fields here at

805
00:35:48,650 --> 00:35:45,900
earth and all the different cool

806
00:35:50,270 --> 00:35:48,660
interactions you may get with that so as

807
00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:50,280
an engineer though this all science is

808
00:35:54,620 --> 00:35:51,930
great but what I hear as an engineer is

809
00:35:56,420 --> 00:35:54,630
there's technology to be had here this

810
00:35:58,160 --> 00:35:56,430
has needs for different parts of what

811
00:35:59,810 --> 00:35:58,170
engineers can do so what can technology

812
00:36:02,510 --> 00:35:59,820
do on balloons there's a couple of

813
00:36:04,370 --> 00:36:02,520
different things so for example you can

814
00:36:07,190 --> 00:36:04,380
develop technology for other worlds and

815
00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:07,200
so if you're going to for example do

816
00:36:11,270 --> 00:36:08,490
that remote sensing technique where

817
00:36:12,740 --> 00:36:11,280
you're listening to the airwaves and and

818
00:36:15,410 --> 00:36:12,750
trying to understand what the quakes are

819
00:36:16,820 --> 00:36:15,420
doing on the seismic activity you can do

820
00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:16,830
that on a balloon platform here and if

821
00:36:19,130 --> 00:36:17,850
you're gonna send it to Venus you're

822
00:36:20,240 --> 00:36:19,140
gonna try it here on earth first so

823
00:36:22,550 --> 00:36:20,250
that's the technology we can start

824
00:36:24,890 --> 00:36:22,560
developing on balloons another thing you

825
00:36:26,540 --> 00:36:24,900
can do is develop new concepts for for

826
00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:26,550
something so I know that a lot of the

827
00:36:30,110 --> 00:36:28,230
new missions that Jose pointed out are

828
00:36:32,330 --> 00:36:30,120
actually trying out different detection

829
00:36:34,610 --> 00:36:32,340
types and different detectors qualifying

830
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:34,620
them to the technology on a balloon

831
00:36:37,670 --> 00:36:36,510
first and then making the case that it's

832
00:36:40,820 --> 00:36:37,680
got really good science and maybe you

833
00:36:42,740 --> 00:36:40,830
should go on a space mission you can

834
00:36:45,050 --> 00:36:42,750
also test in the upper atmosphere of

835
00:36:47,240 --> 00:36:45,060
Earth as an analog for other planets so

836
00:36:49,490 --> 00:36:47,250
for example if you wanted to test

837
00:36:51,380 --> 00:36:49,500
different sensors that are bound for

838
00:36:52,970 --> 00:36:51,390
Mars you want to make sure that the

839
00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:52,980
atmosphere you're testing in is similar

840
00:36:56,540 --> 00:36:54,930
to Mars one of the ways to do that is to

841
00:36:58,850 --> 00:36:56,550
go into our upper atmosphere where it's

842
00:37:01,310 --> 00:36:58,860
very thin and less dense and use it as a

843
00:37:03,620 --> 00:37:01,320
Martian analog so Astra was actually a

844
00:37:05,690 --> 00:37:03,630
mission done here at JPL that was

845
00:37:08,780 --> 00:37:05,700
testing some of those like an anemometer

846
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:08,790
a wind speed measurement for Mars in our

847
00:37:12,050 --> 00:37:10,410
atmosphere so these are all great

848
00:37:14,150 --> 00:37:12,060
platforms but the really exciting thing

849
00:37:15,799 --> 00:37:14,160
for me is being able to build the

850
00:37:17,329 --> 00:37:15,809
the Loon technology itself to be able to

851
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:17,339
enable all of these missions if you're

852
00:37:19,279 --> 00:37:18,210
going to be able to do any of these

853
00:37:21,140 --> 00:37:19,289
other cool things you need a good

854
00:37:23,150 --> 00:37:21,150
balloon platform and that's really where

855
00:37:24,859 --> 00:37:23,160
the mission that I work John comes in so

856
00:37:26,269 --> 00:37:24,869
I was on a mission called bit stable and

857
00:37:27,880 --> 00:37:26,279
it was really about advancing the

858
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:27,890
Poynting capability of these platforms

859
00:37:32,749 --> 00:37:30,710
so let's talk about bit stable so--but

860
00:37:34,069 --> 00:37:32,759
these are maybe a little tortured

861
00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:34,079
acronyms but that was the balloon for an

862
00:37:38,569 --> 00:37:35,970
imaging test fed engineers are maybe

863
00:37:40,099 --> 00:37:38,579
known for being bad about that but the

864
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:40,109
Bloomberg imaging test hood was done by

865
00:37:43,940 --> 00:37:41,910
the University of Toronto and now they

866
00:37:45,109 --> 00:37:43,950
were building the gondola part of our

867
00:37:46,730 --> 00:37:45,119
balloon so the idea is that you attach

868
00:37:49,609 --> 00:37:46,740
your balloon up here off of a tether and

869
00:37:52,069 --> 00:37:49,619
this gondola is what it held the the

870
00:37:53,599 --> 00:37:52,079
stable portion and so stable sub

871
00:37:56,599 --> 00:37:53,609
arcsecond telescope and balloon

872
00:37:58,490 --> 00:37:56,609
experiment was done here at JPL with the

873
00:38:01,400 --> 00:37:58,500
contribution of the camera by one of the

874
00:38:03,289 --> 00:38:01,410
folks that you the in the UK and so bit

875
00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:03,299
stable the whole mission overall was

876
00:38:06,950 --> 00:38:05,490
technology demonstration mission with

877
00:38:09,769 --> 00:38:06,960
the intent of proving that we can get

878
00:38:12,769 --> 00:38:09,779
really stable pointing platforms on/off

879
00:38:14,329 --> 00:38:12,779
balloons so the main objectives and

880
00:38:16,339 --> 00:38:14,339
here's where I get into my engineering

881
00:38:18,349 --> 00:38:16,349
is to demonstrate a hundred milli arc

882
00:38:21,380 --> 00:38:18,359
second point stability over at least

883
00:38:22,730 --> 00:38:21,390
sixty Seconds one Sigma praxis given a

884
00:38:24,440 --> 00:38:22,740
certain course stage pointing to within

885
00:38:26,809 --> 00:38:24,450
two are seconds over 120 seconds so what

886
00:38:28,849 --> 00:38:26,819
does that actually mean if you're

887
00:38:29,809 --> 00:38:28,859
sitting on a really bouncy car and

888
00:38:31,640 --> 00:38:29,819
you're trying to take a picture out the

889
00:38:33,859 --> 00:38:31,650
window you're gonna get blurry images

890
00:38:35,390 --> 00:38:33,869
right like so the the problem here is

891
00:38:37,220 --> 00:38:35,400
that if you're pointing platform is

892
00:38:38,240 --> 00:38:37,230
shaking all over the place and you're

893
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:38,250
trying to take a picture of something

894
00:38:42,650 --> 00:38:40,890
extremely far away and and maybe even

895
00:38:44,720 --> 00:38:42,660
very dim or small you're gonna get

896
00:38:47,059 --> 00:38:44,730
blurry images and maybe not even see it

897
00:38:49,730 --> 00:38:47,069
so what 100 milli arc seconds actually

898
00:38:51,170 --> 00:38:49,740
means is if you were sitting on earth

899
00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:51,180
and we're looking at the moon so that

900
00:38:56,779 --> 00:38:53,250
distance you'd be able to point your

901
00:38:58,220 --> 00:38:56,789
telescope such that it didn't vary by

902
00:38:59,960 --> 00:38:58,230
more than two Statue of Liberty is

903
00:39:02,089 --> 00:38:59,970
standing on the moon so it's really

904
00:39:05,120 --> 00:39:02,099
tight pointing this was an order of

905
00:39:06,589 --> 00:39:05,130
magnitude or or so better than some of

906
00:39:07,730 --> 00:39:06,599
the capability is out there so is one of

907
00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:07,740
those things that we're really trying to

908
00:39:11,779 --> 00:39:10,170
do to me to prove that this telescope

909
00:39:14,980 --> 00:39:11,789
could really actually achieve this

910
00:39:17,870 --> 00:39:14,990
really tight pointing from a balloon so

911
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:17,880
we also had a couple other objectives we

912
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:19,410
were using a point source of light and

913
00:39:22,849 --> 00:39:20,970
this is because we didn't want to use

914
00:39:24,589 --> 00:39:22,859
Jupiter because if all you can use is

915
00:39:26,630 --> 00:39:24,599
Jupiter it's nice and fat and a lot of

916
00:39:27,569 --> 00:39:26,640
light coming off of it then the only

917
00:39:29,249 --> 00:39:27,579
thing you can do with your

918
00:39:30,809 --> 00:39:29,259
instrument is stare at Jupiter and maybe

919
00:39:32,249 --> 00:39:30,819
maybe you want to see it other things

920
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:32,259
and so we wanted to use a point source

921
00:39:36,599 --> 00:39:34,930
of light in the visible spectrum because

922
00:39:38,069 --> 00:39:36,609
as Jose showed you if you look at the

923
00:39:39,420 --> 00:39:38,079
universe in the in the visible spectrum

924
00:39:41,039 --> 00:39:39,430
there's a lot of really cool points of

925
00:39:42,839 --> 00:39:41,049
light all over the map and so you can

926
00:39:44,699 --> 00:39:42,849
look at any part of the sky and probably

927
00:39:46,259 --> 00:39:44,709
find a star that'll work for you as

928
00:39:46,709 --> 00:39:46,269
opposed to say the infrared or something

929
00:39:49,380 --> 00:39:46,719
like that

930
00:39:51,479 --> 00:39:49,390
we also had a signal noise ratio which

931
00:39:52,859 --> 00:39:51,489
is basically identifying how dim we

932
00:39:54,089 --> 00:39:52,869
wanted to be able to see the star so we

933
00:39:56,039 --> 00:39:54,099
wanted to be able to look at relatively

934
00:39:57,569 --> 00:39:56,049
dim stars because they're more common in

935
00:39:59,309 --> 00:39:57,579
the sky if you can only look at again

936
00:40:00,779 --> 00:39:59,319
really bright stars you get to look at

937
00:40:02,459 --> 00:40:00,789
that one part of the sky but if you can

938
00:40:04,170 --> 00:40:02,469
prove that it's a pretty dim star and

939
00:40:05,670 --> 00:40:04,180
you can look at any part of the sky it

940
00:40:08,190 --> 00:40:05,680
gives you better opportunity to do

941
00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:08,200
things like surveys or maps and we

942
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:10,690
wanted to do it on a balloon above 25

943
00:40:13,019 --> 00:40:11,920
kilometers because that's where the

944
00:40:15,989 --> 00:40:13,029
technology is really gonna make the

945
00:40:18,630 --> 00:40:15,999
difference for the scientists okay so

946
00:40:21,029 --> 00:40:18,640
why is that hard the first is is really

947
00:40:23,190 --> 00:40:21,039
thermal and dynamic disturbances so when

948
00:40:24,719 --> 00:40:23,200
you start having a balloon that's going

949
00:40:27,599 --> 00:40:24,729
up to all of these different at

950
00:40:29,549 --> 00:40:27,609
different elevations we actually had an

951
00:40:30,989 --> 00:40:29,559
80 degree C difference between our hot

952
00:40:32,729 --> 00:40:30,999
case in our cold case and making sure

953
00:40:34,439 --> 00:40:32,739
that our telescope would be nice and

954
00:40:36,239 --> 00:40:34,449
happy and give us a beautiful spot on to

955
00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:36,249
our detector of the star that we were

956
00:40:40,019 --> 00:40:38,140
imaging and all of these different cases

957
00:40:41,609 --> 00:40:40,029
was a very big deal so we spent a lot of

958
00:40:43,109 --> 00:40:41,619
time figuring out how to focus the

959
00:40:44,459 --> 00:40:43,119
system and how to manage all of these

960
00:40:46,769 --> 00:40:44,469
thermal unknowns that we weren't going

961
00:40:48,059 --> 00:40:46,779
to know until we got down to the you

962
00:40:49,890 --> 00:40:48,069
know to the ice and we're trying to

963
00:40:51,269 --> 00:40:49,900
trying it out so we needed a system that

964
00:40:53,549 --> 00:40:51,279
was pretty impervious to thermal at

965
00:40:56,219 --> 00:40:53,559
disturbances but the real doozy is that

966
00:40:58,469 --> 00:40:56,229
is the dynamic one so the problem of

967
00:41:00,120 --> 00:40:58,479
dynamic disturbances is especially when

968
00:41:01,620 --> 00:41:00,130
you go up on a balloon you're gonna have

969
00:41:02,819 --> 00:41:01,630
motors and other things that need to

970
00:41:04,140 --> 00:41:02,829
actuate because you're trying to move

971
00:41:05,999 --> 00:41:04,150
your telescope to point at different

972
00:41:07,769 --> 00:41:06,009
parts of the sky those things you bring

973
00:41:09,420 --> 00:41:07,779
with you actually cause a lot of

974
00:41:11,910 --> 00:41:09,430
disturbances especially high frequency

975
00:41:13,140 --> 00:41:11,920
ones and so you know your motor just

976
00:41:15,269 --> 00:41:13,150
like in your phone things kind of buzz

977
00:41:16,799 --> 00:41:15,279
and by vibrate those are disturbances

978
00:41:18,180 --> 00:41:16,809
from the environments under those motors

979
00:41:20,459 --> 00:41:18,190
and reaction noodles can really mess up

980
00:41:23,130 --> 00:41:20,469
a pointing system if if you don't take

981
00:41:25,319 --> 00:41:23,140
care of it so we did unstable is we

982
00:41:27,239 --> 00:41:25,329
developed we call a power spectral

983
00:41:28,499 --> 00:41:27,249
density function that told us what we

984
00:41:29,939 --> 00:41:28,509
needed to reject you can see over

985
00:41:31,680 --> 00:41:29,949
frequency we said there's these little

986
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:31,690
spikes of things that we know are going

987
00:41:36,059 --> 00:41:33,910
to be on our system and might cause more

988
00:41:38,219 --> 00:41:36,069
energy going into our telescope than we

989
00:41:39,360 --> 00:41:38,229
really like so the idea here is that we

990
00:41:41,430 --> 00:41:39,370
we knew that this is what

991
00:41:43,110 --> 00:41:41,440
trying to reject and we built a control

992
00:41:44,970 --> 00:41:43,120
system to say at each of these

993
00:41:46,890 --> 00:41:44,980
frequencies be able to knock it down so

994
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:46,900
that we had a really clear stable

995
00:41:50,820 --> 00:41:49,450
platform for taking pictures all right

996
00:41:52,470 --> 00:41:50,830
so let me show you a little bit about

997
00:41:54,150 --> 00:41:52,480
how we were gonna do this as a

998
00:41:56,100 --> 00:41:54,160
technology demonstration we were only

999
00:41:58,200 --> 00:41:56,110
gonna do this for one day the idea was

1000
00:41:59,850 --> 00:41:58,210
get up there so we can do it over one

1001
00:42:01,560 --> 00:41:59,860
night and once that's done we can

1002
00:42:02,940 --> 00:42:01,570
actually do a really long-term science

1003
00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:02,950
mission like the one in the Antarctic

1004
00:42:07,250 --> 00:42:05,170
that would allow you to do longer-term

1005
00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:07,260
observations this was just a tech demo

1006
00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:10,480
so the tech demo was that we'd take off

1007
00:42:15,990 --> 00:42:13,330
we'd go to float around 35 kilometers

1008
00:42:18,570 --> 00:42:16,000
and just for reference that's between

1009
00:42:21,090 --> 00:42:18,580
commercial airliners in Aurora so kind

1010
00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:21,100
of in that range we achieve our float

1011
00:42:25,020 --> 00:42:22,930
we'd be around 35 kilometers for the

1012
00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:25,030
eight hours overnight we do our

1013
00:42:29,490 --> 00:42:27,370
observations on various stars and then

1014
00:42:32,940 --> 00:42:29,500
at the end of the night we would release

1015
00:42:34,680 --> 00:42:32,950
and we would land and recover so that

1016
00:42:36,420 --> 00:42:34,690
was the idea and let's show you the

1017
00:42:38,820 --> 00:42:36,430
hardware that he had built to do it

1018
00:42:40,470 --> 00:42:38,830
so like I mentioned before this is the

1019
00:42:42,450 --> 00:42:40,480
tether to the telescope and this is the

1020
00:42:44,730 --> 00:42:42,460
gondola and the things that move the

1021
00:42:47,430 --> 00:42:44,740
gondola are there's one up here this is

1022
00:42:49,380 --> 00:42:47,440
actually a motor that allows you to to

1023
00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:49,390
pivot so you can kind of unwind the

1024
00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:51,040
string you could imagine that if you're

1025
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:52,330
trying to take pictures being on a

1026
00:42:56,010 --> 00:42:54,310
Disney teacup ride is not the most

1027
00:42:58,380 --> 00:42:56,020
exciting parts that take pictures off of

1028
00:43:00,270 --> 00:42:58,390
so you have this thing here to unwind so

1029
00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:00,280
the the tether you also have this down

1030
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:01,750
here it's a basically a reaction wheel

1031
00:43:05,340 --> 00:43:03,610
and uses conservation of momentum so

1032
00:43:06,570 --> 00:43:05,350
when it spins up one way you spin your

1033
00:43:09,240 --> 00:43:06,580
gondola the other way and this allows

1034
00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:09,250
you to move in asmath and actually see

1035
00:43:13,320 --> 00:43:11,170
different parts of the sky and then if

1036
00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:13,330
you peel back that gondola you can

1037
00:43:17,010 --> 00:43:14,710
actually see here so this is our

1038
00:43:19,830 --> 00:43:17,020
telescope and right here is where we

1039
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:19,840
actually grab for elevation so this this

1040
00:43:23,580 --> 00:43:22,210
part here has a motor on it and it was

1041
00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:23,590
an elevation motor so you can connect up

1042
00:43:27,240 --> 00:43:24,970
ourselves up and down and actually see

1043
00:43:28,470 --> 00:43:27,250
different parts of the sky that way so

1044
00:43:31,320 --> 00:43:28,480
if you peel that back and you just get

1045
00:43:32,790 --> 00:43:31,330
the stable part stable here has looks

1046
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:32,800
like this to give you some sense of

1047
00:43:39,060 --> 00:43:35,710
perspective this is about it a bad thing

1048
00:43:39,660 --> 00:43:39,070
so this is about as big as I am about as

1049
00:43:41,970 --> 00:43:39,670
tall as I am

1050
00:43:44,190 --> 00:43:41,980
it's a point six meter telescope and

1051
00:43:45,210 --> 00:43:44,200
what happens is the light comes in here

1052
00:43:47,880 --> 00:43:45,220
so we're looking at a star for example

1053
00:43:49,380 --> 00:43:47,890
it hits our primary mirror it goes into

1054
00:43:49,950 --> 00:43:49,390
this part here which is our secondary

1055
00:43:51,839 --> 00:43:49,960
mirror

1056
00:43:53,790 --> 00:43:51,849
and there's this kind of baffle here so

1057
00:43:55,140 --> 00:43:53,800
it goes into that hole and it gets

1058
00:43:57,540 --> 00:43:55,150
picked up by this fold mirror on the

1059
00:43:58,680 --> 00:43:57,550
back it gets reflected to our tilt

1060
00:44:00,480 --> 00:43:58,690
mirror I'll show you that in a second

1061
00:44:02,190 --> 00:44:00,490
and onto the camera and so the camera is

1062
00:44:04,230 --> 00:44:02,200
what actually takes the images and we

1063
00:44:06,359 --> 00:44:04,240
use that to sense right and say oh if

1064
00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:06,369
our spot is drifting off of a pixel too

1065
00:44:10,079 --> 00:44:08,650
much then we've we need to correct for

1066
00:44:12,870 --> 00:44:10,089
it and so we'll tip a mirror to tip it

1067
00:44:14,070 --> 00:44:12,880
back on to the pixels we wanted so kind

1068
00:44:15,810 --> 00:44:14,080
of show you we broke it up into two

1069
00:44:17,130 --> 00:44:15,820
parts so the telescope part was the the

1070
00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:17,140
front end of the optical part and the

1071
00:44:20,550 --> 00:44:18,490
optical bench is assembly was on the

1072
00:44:22,109 --> 00:44:20,560
back so again the telescope was a

1073
00:44:24,030 --> 00:44:22,119
primary rapport point of this telescope

1074
00:44:26,099 --> 00:44:24,040
was to actually get the star light onto

1075
00:44:27,870 --> 00:44:26,109
our the back end and the back end here

1076
00:44:31,380 --> 00:44:27,880
the point was to actually get that light

1077
00:44:33,510 --> 00:44:31,390
back into the TEL into the camera and do

1078
00:44:34,650 --> 00:44:33,520
the control system and kind of brains of

1079
00:44:36,839 --> 00:44:34,660
the operation to make sure that we're

1080
00:44:38,640 --> 00:44:36,849
doing the control system properly so the

1081
00:44:40,500 --> 00:44:38,650
parts of Stables technology that are

1082
00:44:43,050 --> 00:44:40,510
really relevant actually lived here on

1083
00:44:44,370 --> 00:44:43,060
the back on the optical bench assembly

1084
00:44:45,870 --> 00:44:44,380
so this is the part that faces the

1085
00:44:48,270 --> 00:44:45,880
telescope and this is the part you can

1086
00:44:50,089 --> 00:44:48,280
see from the back of it and so the main

1087
00:44:52,470 --> 00:44:50,099
parts of the control system we had two

1088
00:44:54,810 --> 00:44:52,480
computers so there was a computer

1089
00:44:57,270 --> 00:44:54,820
dedicated just to managing the data off

1090
00:44:58,680 --> 00:44:57,280
of the camera itself and that data that

1091
00:44:59,790 --> 00:44:58,690
came off the camera was again we're

1092
00:45:01,380 --> 00:44:59,800
really trying to centroid it we're

1093
00:45:03,690 --> 00:45:01,390
saying okay the spot is we're on our

1094
00:45:05,160 --> 00:45:03,700
detector and where's the center of that

1095
00:45:06,570 --> 00:45:05,170
spot and so once we knew the center of

1096
00:45:08,460 --> 00:45:06,580
that spot we could cut a track how it

1097
00:45:10,770 --> 00:45:08,470
was drifting over time and correct for

1098
00:45:12,839 --> 00:45:10,780
it in our computer so this is the brains

1099
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:12,849
of the operation so our C and E HR

1100
00:45:16,620 --> 00:45:14,710
commanded data handling assembly

1101
00:45:18,510 --> 00:45:16,630
actually did made the decisions it

1102
00:45:20,010 --> 00:45:18,520
looked at all the sensor data and then

1103
00:45:21,570 --> 00:45:20,020
it actually sent commands out to our

1104
00:45:24,810 --> 00:45:21,580
actuators to make sure that we corrected

1105
00:45:26,790 --> 00:45:24,820
for it and then here our sensors so this

1106
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:26,800
is an attitude rate sensor it's like the

1107
00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:28,770
gyro and your phone except way better

1108
00:45:33,660 --> 00:45:31,540
the fine guidance camera here is that

1109
00:45:34,890 --> 00:45:33,670
from the University of Durham and it's

1110
00:45:36,270 --> 00:45:34,900
basically an optical camera that we

1111
00:45:38,790 --> 00:45:36,280
characterize so that we could get the

1112
00:45:40,440 --> 00:45:38,800
Sun charting data and then our actuators

1113
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:40,450
we had a refocusing stage so this

1114
00:45:44,609 --> 00:45:42,010
basically moved the camera back and

1115
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:44,619
forth along the optical path so we could

1116
00:45:48,720 --> 00:45:46,810
actually focus off across a bunch of

1117
00:45:49,829 --> 00:45:48,730
different thermal conditions and then we

1118
00:45:51,150 --> 00:45:49,839
had a fast steering mirror which

1119
00:45:53,310 --> 00:45:51,160
basically has a little mirror on the end

1120
00:45:55,950 --> 00:45:53,320
here and it tips and tilted it very fine

1121
00:45:57,990 --> 00:45:55,960
and high-frequency motions so that when

1122
00:45:59,790 --> 00:45:58,000
the the computer realized that we were

1123
00:46:03,359 --> 00:45:59,800
drifting off too much it would correct

1124
00:46:03,770 --> 00:46:03,369
for it using this thing okay so how do

1125
00:46:05,090 --> 00:46:03,780
we know

1126
00:46:06,350 --> 00:46:05,100
it were so we put all the technology

1127
00:46:06,830 --> 00:46:06,360
together we have this system it was

1128
00:46:08,750 --> 00:46:06,840
great

1129
00:46:10,070 --> 00:46:08,760
so we actually built it up in the lab so

1130
00:46:12,770 --> 00:46:10,080
this is actually here at the MEC lab in

1131
00:46:14,420 --> 00:46:12,780
JPL and here's our bench assembly you're

1132
00:46:15,740 --> 00:46:14,430
looking at the fold mirror here and the

1133
00:46:17,630 --> 00:46:15,750
way that we tested it in the passive

1134
00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:17,640
system as we said okay we're gonna give

1135
00:46:21,050 --> 00:46:19,050
it a light source so this is an optical

1136
00:46:22,940 --> 00:46:21,060
bench we put a light source here and

1137
00:46:25,220 --> 00:46:22,950
shown it on to it like a fake star

1138
00:46:27,350 --> 00:46:25,230
coming through our telescope and then we

1139
00:46:29,240 --> 00:46:27,360
just let the California seismic

1140
00:46:31,460 --> 00:46:29,250
environment do its job and so if we

1141
00:46:33,440 --> 00:46:31,470
actually could reject our ambient and so

1142
00:46:35,150 --> 00:46:33,450
what happens is that it worked

1143
00:46:38,360 --> 00:46:35,160
we're like okay we can reject noise

1144
00:46:39,650 --> 00:46:38,370
great so we have that and then we

1145
00:46:40,790 --> 00:46:39,660
actually decided let's see if we can

1146
00:46:43,550 --> 00:46:40,800
make this a little harder for ourselves

1147
00:46:45,020 --> 00:46:43,560
and we put a little stinger up here and

1148
00:46:46,250 --> 00:46:45,030
when a stinger is basically just a poker

1149
00:46:47,960 --> 00:46:46,260
I think of like a three all

1150
00:46:49,970 --> 00:46:47,970
three-year-old kind of poking poking

1151
00:46:52,220 --> 00:46:49,980
poking so what we did here is we had

1152
00:46:53,930 --> 00:46:52,230
again a light source and an optical

1153
00:46:55,250 --> 00:46:53,940
table but this time we actually poked it

1154
00:46:56,990 --> 00:46:55,260
at specific frequencies I showed you

1155
00:46:58,190 --> 00:46:57,000
those little spikes and our PSD we

1156
00:46:59,780 --> 00:46:58,200
wanted to know could be rejected the

1157
00:47:00,980 --> 00:46:59,790
frequencies we were worried about and so

1158
00:47:02,690 --> 00:47:00,990
what we showed here is that it worked

1159
00:47:03,770 --> 00:47:02,700
I'm not going to go into all the details

1160
00:47:05,060 --> 00:47:03,780
I don't have enough time but there's a

1161
00:47:07,970 --> 00:47:05,070
really cool paper you should definitely

1162
00:47:09,680 --> 00:47:07,980
go read talks all about it so that being

1163
00:47:11,690 --> 00:47:09,690
said this isn't a lab environment

1164
00:47:13,130 --> 00:47:11,700
everything is like and the environment

1165
00:47:15,170 --> 00:47:13,140
for temperature we don't have to worry

1166
00:47:16,610 --> 00:47:15,180
about all the excitement's of you know

1167
00:47:18,260 --> 00:47:16,620
putting things together in the Antarctic

1168
00:47:20,360 --> 00:47:18,270
so how do we know it's going to work

1169
00:47:21,530 --> 00:47:20,370
when we actually get to flow so the way

1170
00:47:23,330 --> 00:47:21,540
that we did that it was we had an

1171
00:47:25,310 --> 00:47:23,340
analytical analysis we call this a stop

1172
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:25,320
analysis which goes through each phase

1173
00:47:28,760 --> 00:47:26,910
of the different parts of the system and

1174
00:47:30,290 --> 00:47:28,770
make sure that at the end we're gonna

1175
00:47:32,330 --> 00:47:30,300
get the right answer so the way that

1176
00:47:34,160 --> 00:47:32,340
works is that we had a thorough analysis

1177
00:47:35,390 --> 00:47:34,170
first so we basically went out and

1178
00:47:37,190 --> 00:47:35,400
looked at all the different environments

1179
00:47:38,480 --> 00:47:37,200
we might see when we route flow we put

1180
00:47:39,560 --> 00:47:38,490
them together and did some statistics on

1181
00:47:41,750 --> 00:47:39,570
it figured out what that would look like

1182
00:47:43,610 --> 00:47:41,760
and that actually told us okay how is

1183
00:47:45,140 --> 00:47:43,620
this thing gonna be you know are mirrors

1184
00:47:47,450 --> 00:47:45,150
gonna be at this temperature aren't our

1185
00:47:49,550 --> 00:47:47,460
systems gonna have various temperatures

1186
00:47:51,110 --> 00:47:49,560
across the gradients here once we had

1187
00:47:52,850 --> 00:47:51,120
that we passed it over to the structures

1188
00:47:54,470 --> 00:47:52,860
guys and the structure people took that

1189
00:47:55,760 --> 00:47:54,480
and said okay if it shrinks by this much

1190
00:47:57,110 --> 00:47:55,770
and it moves by this much this is how

1191
00:47:59,300 --> 00:47:57,120
everything's gonna move relative to each

1192
00:48:01,070 --> 00:47:59,310
other once you know that you can pass it

1193
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:01,080
over to the optics guys who say okay now

1194
00:48:04,580 --> 00:48:02,910
my mirrors are now spaced this way

1195
00:48:05,990 --> 00:48:04,590
instead of this way and they can

1196
00:48:07,760 --> 00:48:06,000
actually tell you what the quality of

1197
00:48:09,410 --> 00:48:07,770
that light spot is gonna look like on

1198
00:48:10,640 --> 00:48:09,420
your detector once you know what that

1199
00:48:12,020 --> 00:48:10,650
quality is your light spot looks like

1200
00:48:13,640 --> 00:48:12,030
you hand it over to the controls people

1201
00:48:15,680 --> 00:48:13,650
and say hey controls people here's the

1202
00:48:17,059 --> 00:48:15,690
spot you get what is it going to do so

1203
00:48:19,549 --> 00:48:17,069
the controls folks also take all

1204
00:48:21,019 --> 00:48:19,559
disturbances from the environment timing

1205
00:48:23,059 --> 00:48:21,029
frequencies information about the

1206
00:48:25,099 --> 00:48:23,069
computer and the control system timing

1207
00:48:26,390 --> 00:48:25,109
and they do some analysis to show what

1208
00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:26,400
the answer is and that gives us our

1209
00:48:30,620 --> 00:48:28,410
predicted at point point at flow

1210
00:48:32,479 --> 00:48:30,630
pointing performance so we did all this

1211
00:48:35,390 --> 00:48:32,489
I know they're really cool paper you

1212
00:48:37,069 --> 00:48:35,400
should definitely go read so we actually

1213
00:48:38,569 --> 00:48:37,079
found out that we at our worst case

1214
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:38,579
scenario got ninety four point five

1215
00:48:43,099 --> 00:48:40,410
million seconds over sixty seconds if

1216
00:48:44,209 --> 00:48:43,109
you fell asleep it's a hundred million

1217
00:48:46,099 --> 00:48:44,219
arc seconds and what we were going for

1218
00:48:47,179 --> 00:48:46,109
so we actually were able to prove that

1219
00:48:48,829 --> 00:48:47,189
even in the worst case we're gonna

1220
00:48:50,689 --> 00:48:48,839
achieve the Poynting that we expected

1221
00:48:52,189 --> 00:48:50,699
which is fantastic we're like hey this

1222
00:48:54,309 --> 00:48:52,199
technology is great if we're gonna get

1223
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:54,319
great astronomy out of it so

1224
00:48:58,849 --> 00:48:56,880
unfortunately we lost our flight

1225
00:49:02,719 --> 00:48:58,859
opportunity and so this is about as far

1226
00:49:05,509 --> 00:49:02,729
off the ground as a stable guy so our

1227
00:49:07,640 --> 00:49:05,519
beautiful telescopes under here and it

1228
00:49:08,630 --> 00:49:07,650
ended up in an Indiana Jones warehouse

1229
00:49:11,719 --> 00:49:08,640
next to the Ark of the Covenant

1230
00:49:13,579 --> 00:49:11,729
somewhere so so that's where it's table

1231
00:49:15,169 --> 00:49:13,589
is right now that thing said that's not

1232
00:49:16,339 --> 00:49:15,179
the end of the story you know the cool

1233
00:49:18,289 --> 00:49:16,349
thing about engineering is that you

1234
00:49:20,809 --> 00:49:18,299
learn things even if you don't really go

1235
00:49:22,880 --> 00:49:20,819
out and fly so one of the things that we

1236
00:49:24,349 --> 00:49:22,890
were able to do is that our partners at

1237
00:49:25,759 --> 00:49:24,359
the University of Toronto kept pushing

1238
00:49:27,620 --> 00:49:25,769
this technology they went out and

1239
00:49:30,049 --> 00:49:27,630
actually built a mission called super

1240
00:49:31,789 --> 00:49:30,059
bit and super bit went and took this

1241
00:49:34,699 --> 00:49:31,799
absolutely beautiful picture of the

1242
00:49:36,319 --> 00:49:34,709
Eagle Nebula and this is about 600

1243
00:49:38,059 --> 00:49:36,329
milliseconds if you can imagine doing

1244
00:49:38,929 --> 00:49:38,069
like six times better it even gets

1245
00:49:41,449 --> 00:49:38,939
better from there

1246
00:49:43,069 --> 00:49:41,459
so this is so so we knew the technology

1247
00:49:45,439 --> 00:49:43,079
worked and our partners were able to go

1248
00:49:47,959 --> 00:49:45,449
on and actually show it was able to make

1249
00:49:49,549 --> 00:49:47,969
the job the other thing that we got out

1250
00:49:52,399 --> 00:49:49,559
of this was actually team training so

1251
00:49:53,029 --> 00:49:52,409
the staples legacy is that we were all

1252
00:49:55,069 --> 00:49:53,039
actually

1253
00:49:57,349 --> 00:49:55,079
everyone in this picture was on the team

1254
00:49:59,599 --> 00:49:57,359
and every one of us had been out of

1255
00:50:01,489 --> 00:49:59,609
school for less than three years so this

1256
00:50:03,169 --> 00:50:01,499
was actually built as a project at JPL

1257
00:50:05,569 --> 00:50:03,179
to train us and under help us understand

1258
00:50:07,819 --> 00:50:05,579
all the intricacies of how teaming works

1259
00:50:10,399 --> 00:50:07,829
and how engineering works at JPL so you

1260
00:50:12,109 --> 00:50:10,409
can see we got exposures and in the

1261
00:50:14,689 --> 00:50:12,119
admission in about three years and so

1262
00:50:16,489 --> 00:50:14,699
those three years at JPL is really small

1263
00:50:18,559 --> 00:50:16,499
scale and I'm on Europa clipper now

1264
00:50:19,759 --> 00:50:18,569
which is decades long so being able to

1265
00:50:21,799 --> 00:50:19,769
see something like that in three years

1266
00:50:24,559 --> 00:50:21,809
it's really an exciting opportunity for

1267
00:50:26,599 --> 00:50:24,569
teams and gives you a much higher dose

1268
00:50:29,990 --> 00:50:26,609
of what it means to be an engineer in

1269
00:50:31,820 --> 00:50:30,000
this kind of team we also had a lot more

1270
00:50:33,410 --> 00:50:31,830
to interface with hardware you see we're

1271
00:50:35,420 --> 00:50:33,420
all standing around our flight hardware

1272
00:50:36,710 --> 00:50:35,430
here everyone got a chance to touch it

1273
00:50:38,330 --> 00:50:36,720
we all got a chance to get in there and

1274
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:38,340
see what it meant you know when we

1275
00:50:40,820 --> 00:50:39,510
designed something on the white board

1276
00:50:41,990 --> 00:50:40,830
what does it mean when we actually have

1277
00:50:43,730 --> 00:50:42,000
to plug it in and so that was a really

1278
00:50:45,980 --> 00:50:43,740
op excellent opportunity for us and

1279
00:50:47,630 --> 00:50:45,990
because the risks were a lot lower on

1280
00:50:48,980 --> 00:50:47,640
something that's only a five million

1281
00:50:50,420 --> 00:50:48,990
dollar mission instead of hundreds of

1282
00:50:51,560 --> 00:50:50,430
millions of dollars we had a chance to

1283
00:50:53,960 --> 00:50:51,570
actually get in there and really try

1284
00:50:54,680 --> 00:50:53,970
things out and for me in particular so

1285
00:50:56,540 --> 00:50:54,690
here I am

1286
00:50:58,460 --> 00:50:56,550
I was the project systems engineer on

1287
00:51:00,470 --> 00:50:58,470
this mission and a project systems

1288
00:51:03,710 --> 00:51:00,480
engineer is responsible for everything

1289
00:51:05,540 --> 00:51:03,720
that no one else thought of and smorc so

1290
00:51:08,150 --> 00:51:05,550
for example one of the my tasks was to

1291
00:51:09,770 --> 00:51:08,160
figure out if we had a treaty agreement

1292
00:51:10,790 --> 00:51:09,780
with Canada to ensure that our balloon

1293
00:51:16,220 --> 00:51:10,800
was not going to land on a world

1294
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:16,230
heritage site so so all these little

1295
00:51:18,920 --> 00:51:17,610
things that have to get put together to

1296
00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:18,930
make sure that the thing works it was a

1297
00:51:23,780 --> 00:51:20,370
really excellent opportunity to see that

1298
00:51:25,910 --> 00:51:23,790
in fact here's some pictures again of me

1299
00:51:27,860 --> 00:51:25,920
and here's the the truth of the matter

1300
00:51:29,180 --> 00:51:27,870
is that all the cool Antarctic pictures

1301
00:51:31,160 --> 00:51:29,190
you know are in that four week time

1302
00:51:32,510 --> 00:51:31,170
period all of the years that will add up

1303
00:51:33,950 --> 00:51:32,520
to it are mostly in conference rooms

1304
00:51:36,230 --> 00:51:33,960
like this where you're drawing things on

1305
00:51:37,580 --> 00:51:36,240
a board and every every engineer from

1306
00:51:39,320 --> 00:51:37,590
different subsystems are all standing

1307
00:51:40,790 --> 00:51:39,330
together and the systems engineers on

1308
00:51:42,710 --> 00:51:40,800
the board is like all right guys you got

1309
00:51:44,810 --> 00:51:42,720
to tell me when this signal goes to here

1310
00:51:46,340 --> 00:51:44,820
who picks it up you do what happens next

1311
00:51:48,650 --> 00:51:46,350
then we kind of draw it out it all comes

1312
00:51:50,210 --> 00:51:48,660
together in you know a whiteboard or in

1313
00:51:52,220 --> 00:51:50,220
a conference room and the really cool

1314
00:51:53,930 --> 00:51:52,230
thing about balloons is that you

1315
00:51:55,730 --> 00:51:53,940
actually get to go then build it and see

1316
00:51:57,320 --> 00:51:55,740
it and actually be the one to implement

1317
00:51:59,120 --> 00:51:57,330
it and so that's one of the real magics

1318
00:52:01,700 --> 00:51:59,130
of these type of team is that you know I

1319
00:52:04,430 --> 00:52:01,710
got to be here and here in the span of

1320
00:52:06,740 --> 00:52:04,440
just three years so three years later

1321
00:52:09,950 --> 00:52:06,750
where did this end up so it's a stable

1322
00:52:12,140 --> 00:52:09,960
is still in a beautiful warehouse but

1323
00:52:14,090 --> 00:52:12,150
but it really did have lasting benefits

1324
00:52:15,470 --> 00:52:14,100
so for me for instance I'm actually now

1325
00:52:17,480 --> 00:52:15,480
on the Europa clipper mission where I'm

1326
00:52:19,370 --> 00:52:17,490
a systems engineer and I'll tell you

1327
00:52:21,470 --> 00:52:19,380
this is the Europe a clipper project

1328
00:52:23,810 --> 00:52:21,480
science group and I'm one of a much

1329
00:52:25,370 --> 00:52:23,820
bigger team now and so being able to

1330
00:52:27,140 --> 00:52:25,380
understand how all of these interfaces

1331
00:52:28,790 --> 00:52:27,150
work together is a really big part of

1332
00:52:30,380 --> 00:52:28,800
why I feel like I can actually be in a

1333
00:52:32,180 --> 00:52:30,390
team that's big and still be able to

1334
00:52:33,770 --> 00:52:32,190
communicate across all these people so

1335
00:52:35,180 --> 00:52:33,780
it's a really excellent opportunity and

1336
00:52:36,710 --> 00:52:35,190
so now we're actually building a

1337
00:52:38,510 --> 00:52:36,720
spacecraft that's going to go explore

1338
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:38,520
the habit or habitability of one of the

1339
00:52:42,560 --> 00:52:40,710
icy moons of Jupiter and to me that

1340
00:52:43,640 --> 00:52:42,570
that's exciting if that's not exciting I

1341
00:52:46,670 --> 00:52:43,650
don't know what excites you

1342
00:52:48,230 --> 00:52:46,680
so so the thing that's really cool

1343
00:52:50,780 --> 00:52:48,240
though is that it doesn't actually have

1344
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:50,790
to be at JPL JPL was my first

1345
00:52:53,810 --> 00:52:52,710
introduction to JPL was this mission but

1346
00:52:55,970 --> 00:52:53,820
it was also my first introduction to

1347
00:52:57,980 --> 00:52:55,980
NASA was was ballooning so my very first

1348
00:52:59,630 --> 00:52:57,990
internship in 2005 was at Wallops Flight

1349
00:53:01,520 --> 00:52:59,640
Facility where they actually have a

1350
00:53:04,340 --> 00:53:01,530
large balloon program there and so the

1351
00:53:06,620 --> 00:53:04,350
balloon program office has this balloon

1352
00:53:08,920 --> 00:53:06,630
making lab and so my internship project

1353
00:53:11,570 --> 00:53:08,930
my very first internship at NASA was

1354
00:53:13,820 --> 00:53:11,580
designing and building these balloons in

1355
00:53:15,230 --> 00:53:13,830
their lab and actually coming up with

1356
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:15,240
different ways to fold and pack it so

1357
00:53:20,960 --> 00:53:17,910
that we could see inflation dynamics so

1358
00:53:22,130 --> 00:53:20,970
here I am with my design balloons and I

1359
00:53:23,530 --> 00:53:22,140
came up with some different packing

1360
00:53:26,360 --> 00:53:23,540
techniques using parachute packing

1361
00:53:28,580 --> 00:53:26,370
approaches and we packed it into the

1362
00:53:30,680 --> 00:53:28,590
back of a little rocket nose cone that

1363
00:53:31,520 --> 00:53:30,690
we put on the back of this nineteen

1364
00:53:35,120 --> 00:53:31,530
seventies NASA

1365
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:35,130
pickup truck and what happened is we we

1366
00:53:39,020 --> 00:53:36,810
actually flew data we drove down the

1367
00:53:40,190 --> 00:53:39,030
road and this parachute would pick up at

1368
00:53:41,870 --> 00:53:40,200
the right speed and it would actually

1369
00:53:43,520 --> 00:53:41,880
pull this thing off the back you can

1370
00:53:44,960 --> 00:53:43,530
kind of see it landing here the balloon

1371
00:53:46,730 --> 00:53:44,970
would pop out and we'd study the

1372
00:53:48,350 --> 00:53:46,740
inflation dynamics as we were driving

1373
00:53:49,970 --> 00:53:48,360
down the road and saw how different

1374
00:53:51,520 --> 00:53:49,980
packing techniques affected the

1375
00:53:54,620 --> 00:53:51,530
inflation time and things like that so

1376
00:53:56,120 --> 00:53:54,630
again I mean this is the the really you

1377
00:53:58,070 --> 00:53:56,130
know cut your teeth on engineering

1378
00:54:01,070 --> 00:53:58,080
dumpster-diving shopping at the Pocomoke

1379
00:54:02,120 --> 00:54:01,080
City Walmart for four components kind of

1380
00:54:03,560 --> 00:54:02,130
engineering that you don't really get a

1381
00:54:05,990 --> 00:54:03,570
chance to see it kind of harkens back to

1382
00:54:07,460 --> 00:54:06,000
the early days of rocketry and whatnot

1383
00:54:09,050 --> 00:54:07,470
where everyone was just trying to figure

1384
00:54:10,370 --> 00:54:09,060
it out and so a lot of that still

1385
00:54:12,320 --> 00:54:10,380
happens in ballooning which makes it

1386
00:54:13,550 --> 00:54:12,330
that kind of guerilla atmosphere where

1387
00:54:16,670 --> 00:54:13,560
everyone's just like let's make it work

1388
00:54:17,690 --> 00:54:16,680
and you're all in it together the cool

1389
00:54:19,610 --> 00:54:17,700
thing about that was that we were

1390
00:54:22,220 --> 00:54:19,620
actually studying my intern project was

1391
00:54:23,570 --> 00:54:22,230
studying what this inflation dynamics

1392
00:54:25,220 --> 00:54:23,580
because they wanted to put this on Mars

1393
00:54:26,930 --> 00:54:25,230
the idea is that if you had a parachute

1394
00:54:28,430 --> 00:54:26,940
and you could decelerate a drop a heat

1395
00:54:30,740 --> 00:54:28,440
shield actually inflate with the

1396
00:54:32,780 --> 00:54:30,750
atmosphere as you were coming down and

1397
00:54:34,160 --> 00:54:32,790
then the envelope itself could be

1398
00:54:35,930 --> 00:54:34,170
painted in such a way that it would warm

1399
00:54:37,310 --> 00:54:35,940
up the atmosphere that was in trapped

1400
00:54:38,810 --> 00:54:37,320
inside the balloon and it kind of create

1401
00:54:40,940 --> 00:54:38,820
like a hot air balloon that could go

1402
00:54:42,830 --> 00:54:40,950
down and sample some things so I took

1403
00:54:44,780 --> 00:54:42,840
this for my intern presentation in 2005

1404
00:54:46,520 --> 00:54:44,790
and I was looking around on the the

1405
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:46,530
balloon program website and found this

1406
00:54:51,470 --> 00:54:50,010
in it ten years later so they're still

1407
00:54:52,910 --> 00:54:51,480
looking concepts like this the really

1408
00:54:54,560 --> 00:54:52,920
cool thing is the balloons you know are

1409
00:54:56,240 --> 00:54:54,570
a great way to study what we do here on

1410
00:54:56,990 --> 00:54:56,250
earth but we're looking at ways to

1411
00:55:00,260 --> 00:54:57,000
explore the

1412
00:55:01,790 --> 00:55:00,270
as a platform even further out so if you

1413
00:55:03,320 --> 00:55:01,800
look at it I mean it's got a lot of cool

1414
00:55:05,890 --> 00:55:03,330
advantages now if you were talking about

1415
00:55:08,300 --> 00:55:05,900
balloons on Mars well if you have a

1416
00:55:10,190 --> 00:55:08,310
rover which is excellent we love the

1417
00:55:12,050 --> 00:55:10,200
Rovers but a balloon allows you to cover

1418
00:55:14,420 --> 00:55:12,060
more horizontal distance you can revisit

1419
00:55:16,310 --> 00:55:14,430
locations over time you get more diverse

1420
00:55:17,660 --> 00:55:16,320
coverage of regions perhaps because you

1421
00:55:19,190 --> 00:55:17,670
get a little bit you don't have to worry

1422
00:55:21,020 --> 00:55:19,200
about topography or wheels or something

1423
00:55:22,099 --> 00:55:21,030
like that and then compared to some of

1424
00:55:23,510 --> 00:55:22,109
your orbiters you can also get higher

1425
00:55:25,160 --> 00:55:23,520
resolution you're a little closer to the

1426
00:55:26,960 --> 00:55:25,170
surface and it's one of the only ways to

1427
00:55:28,370 --> 00:55:26,970
actually get information along that

1428
00:55:30,170 --> 00:55:28,380
vertical column and so it's a really

1429
00:55:33,710 --> 00:55:30,180
exciting way to add to our understanding

1430
00:55:35,180 --> 00:55:33,720
of some of these planets so blue

1431
00:55:36,680 --> 00:55:35,190
missions to kind of summarize all of

1432
00:55:38,780 --> 00:55:36,690
this talk so that both Jose and I did

1433
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:38,790
they're really valuable contributors to

1434
00:55:42,290 --> 00:55:41,010
NASA's mission both to pioneer the

1435
00:55:44,150 --> 00:55:42,300
future and space exploration for

1436
00:55:47,200 --> 00:55:44,160
scientific discovery whether we're doing

1437
00:55:50,390 --> 00:55:47,210
them on Earth's Mars Venus Titan someday

1438
00:55:52,370 --> 00:55:50,400
it's a really valuable way of taking

1439
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:52,380
information training teams getting the

1440
00:55:56,030 --> 00:55:53,910
technology and getting the science out

1441
00:55:57,500 --> 00:55:56,040
of it and as I mentioned before it's

1442
00:55:59,510 --> 00:55:57,510
also really important for training us

1443
00:56:00,930 --> 00:55:59,520
this next generation of explorers so

1444
00:56:13,670 --> 00:56:00,940
with that thank you so much

1445
00:56:16,009 --> 00:56:13,680
[Applause]

1446
00:56:17,870 --> 00:56:16,019
thank you folks and wonderful job from

1447
00:56:19,670 --> 00:56:17,880
our speakers here we are gonna open it

1448
00:56:21,470 --> 00:56:19,680
up for questions now now if you're here

1449
00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:21,480
in the house we do have a microphone

1450
00:56:26,599 --> 00:56:24,210
right there in that center aisle go

1451
00:56:29,960 --> 00:56:26,609
ahead and line up there you can ask your

1452
00:56:32,569 --> 00:56:29,970
questions they will happily repeat the

1453
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:32,579
question so everybody can hear it and if

1454
00:56:36,170 --> 00:56:34,710
you're watching home online please type

1455
00:56:39,019 --> 00:56:36,180
those questions in and we'll bring them

1456
00:56:40,190 --> 00:56:39,029
up and try to get them on so questions

1457
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:40,200
please take it away

1458
00:56:46,130 --> 00:56:42,210
there we go somebody's working their way

1459
00:56:48,259 --> 00:56:46,140
up there well I noticed we didn't talk

1460
00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:48,269
much about the materials are the Blues

1461
00:56:53,359 --> 00:56:51,690
mylar is element hydrogen used is there

1462
00:56:55,130 --> 00:56:53,369
a prosody factor do you need to

1463
00:56:59,480 --> 00:56:55,140
regenerate if there's a prostitue factor

1464
00:57:02,660 --> 00:56:59,490
that stuff what do you get it's not the

1465
00:57:04,999 --> 00:57:02,670
screen back there anymore and one of the

1466
00:57:06,589 --> 00:57:05,009
website you can actually have all the

1467
00:57:08,269 --> 00:57:06,599
there are different types of balloon

1468
00:57:10,490 --> 00:57:08,279
that nASA has depends on the duration

1469
00:57:12,799 --> 00:57:10,500
everything you can have all the specific

1470
00:57:16,370 --> 00:57:12,809
details and they're online you go on and

1471
00:57:19,519 --> 00:57:16,380
check did you use hydrogen helium helium

1472
00:57:23,809 --> 00:57:19,529
okay is there a porosity factor do the

1473
00:57:26,779 --> 00:57:23,819
balloons leak acidic and Ziggler bid

1474
00:57:28,670 --> 00:57:26,789
that they have it all figure out so

1475
00:57:31,009 --> 00:57:28,680
basically in Montez it for example for

1476
00:57:32,359 --> 00:57:31,019
our case it has some ballast so I didn't

1477
00:57:34,339 --> 00:57:32,369
lose this pressure with the fly you can

1478
00:57:35,870 --> 00:57:34,349
you can maintain altitude drop in some

1479
00:57:38,509 --> 00:57:35,880
ballast but there are the balloons that

1480
00:57:39,769 --> 00:57:38,519
are a different different system that

1481
00:57:41,150 --> 00:57:39,779
they can maintain altitude and go

1482
00:57:44,029 --> 00:57:41,160
through the United cycles and NASA's

1483
00:57:46,819 --> 00:57:44,039
testing right now so used ballast rather

1484
00:57:49,569 --> 00:57:46,829
than bringing more helium along - yeah

1485
00:57:51,920 --> 00:57:49,579
for that is basic along we're using I

1486
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:51,930
also mentioned that when I was at

1487
00:57:56,029 --> 00:57:53,910
Wallops I was looking at some of they

1488
00:57:58,339 --> 00:57:56,039
have balloon materials labs there and

1489
00:57:59,930 --> 00:57:58,349
they were working on prototype materials

1490
00:58:01,460 --> 00:57:59,940
for balloons for Venus because obviously

1491
00:58:02,569 --> 00:58:01,470
Venus is a very different environment

1492
00:58:03,710 --> 00:58:02,579
and you don't want to put a you know a

1493
00:58:05,749 --> 00:58:03,720
piece of plastic that's gonna just

1494
00:58:08,180 --> 00:58:05,759
disintegrate so they were actually

1495
00:58:10,430 --> 00:58:08,190
looking at a mylar laminate with Kevlar

1496
00:58:12,890 --> 00:58:10,440
on it I believe as one of the envelope

1497
00:58:19,730 --> 00:58:12,900
materials so it's gonna depend on where

1498
00:58:22,580 --> 00:58:19,740
you go interesting thank you I noticed

1499
00:58:25,220 --> 00:58:22,590
that you did use helium now I realized

1500
00:58:27,620 --> 00:58:25,230
that it won't explode like hydrogen will

1501
00:58:29,630 --> 00:58:27,630
but hydrogen seems to have a lot of

1502
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:29,640
other advantages what was the main

1503
00:58:42,590 --> 00:58:39,560
for instance hydrogen gives you more

1504
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:42,600
lift and I assume you can do things

1505
00:58:50,840 --> 00:58:49,110
safely so it won't explode you have

1506
00:58:52,640 --> 00:58:50,850
again to go to the balloon program

1507
00:58:55,790 --> 00:58:52,650
office and probably they have a lot of

1508
00:58:57,500 --> 00:58:55,800
information about how NASA is that we

1509
00:59:01,280 --> 00:58:57,510
were working mostly in the payload but

1510
00:59:02,840 --> 00:59:01,290
NASA the balloon office works on the

1511
00:59:05,540 --> 00:59:02,850
balloons and you know separate they have

1512
00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:05,550
all these different but one so I'm sure

1513
00:59:08,020 --> 00:59:07,170
that all the informations you can find

1514
00:59:10,820 --> 00:59:08,030
it online on there

1515
00:59:13,070 --> 00:59:10,830
thank you speculate they're trying to

1516
00:59:14,630 --> 00:59:13,080
get you know just his payload down to

1517
00:59:16,760 --> 00:59:14,640
Antarctica was quite a multi-step

1518
00:59:18,170 --> 00:59:16,770
journey with things on boats for a long

1519
00:59:21,109 --> 00:59:18,180
time so even if you can work with

1520
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:21,119
hydrogen when you're out there you the

1521
00:59:25,220 --> 00:59:23,610
the cost of having an accident of some

1522
00:59:33,640 --> 00:59:25,230
kind is probably a lot higher so you

1523
00:59:40,160 --> 00:59:37,040
how do you control the flight the

1524
00:59:44,720 --> 00:59:40,170
elevation the position we saw it goes

1525
00:59:47,240 --> 00:59:44,730
around and related question why do you

1526
00:59:49,580 --> 00:59:47,250
bring it back do you have any

1527
00:59:52,420 --> 00:59:49,590
communication why don't you keep it

1528
00:59:58,670 --> 00:59:55,730
you don't want it to drift out continent

1529
01:00:00,680 --> 00:59:58,680
I mean if if it falls in the water

1530
01:00:01,849 --> 01:00:00,690
that's fine you lose the payload but you

1531
01:00:03,740 --> 01:00:01,859
want to recover the tail of the

1532
01:00:05,180 --> 01:00:03,750
specially on these flies so you want to

1533
01:00:07,550 --> 01:00:05,190
make sure that it doesn't go off

1534
01:00:10,190 --> 01:00:07,560
continent so you terminate the mission

1535
01:00:11,870 --> 01:00:10,200
before it has happened at some point the

1536
01:00:14,840 --> 01:00:11,880
Antarctic vortex you can i disappear and

1537
01:00:16,820 --> 01:00:14,850
it will vary for continent do you know

1538
01:00:18,410 --> 01:00:16,830
what it is because you have gps antennas

1539
01:00:20,210 --> 01:00:18,420
and all that you are in constant

1540
01:00:23,210 --> 01:00:20,220
communication through satellite with the

1541
01:00:26,090 --> 01:00:23,220
so you can you are operating the the

1542
01:00:28,580 --> 01:00:26,100
balloon up flight you have of course the

1543
01:00:31,190 --> 01:00:28,590
pointing system you can control the

1544
01:00:33,679 --> 01:00:31,200
elevation and the azimuth laura probably

1545
01:00:35,779 --> 01:00:33,689
can talk more about the Deponia system

1546
01:00:37,609 --> 01:00:35,789
but you have full-time communications

1547
01:00:39,349 --> 01:00:37,619
hey there there are a couple of random

1548
01:00:41,870 --> 01:00:39,359
systems so we are controlling the

1549
01:00:44,059 --> 01:00:41,880
balloon all the time in terms of

1550
01:00:46,489 --> 01:00:44,069
trajectory control you can control your

1551
01:00:48,739 --> 01:00:46,499
elevation by making sure you have the

1552
01:00:50,899 --> 01:00:48,749
right amount of lifting gas compared to

1553
01:00:53,209 --> 01:00:50,909
your weight and you actually do find

1554
01:00:55,699 --> 01:00:53,219
that you'll get diurnal variations you

1555
01:00:57,709 --> 01:00:55,709
kind of move around over night for

1556
01:01:00,199 --> 01:00:57,719
example and the way they manage that is

1557
01:01:01,489 --> 01:01:00,209
with ballast and so if you you know that

1558
01:01:03,109 --> 01:01:01,499
you're about to drop down you can drop

1559
01:01:04,969 --> 01:01:03,119
some ballast to try to maintain some of

1560
01:01:07,219 --> 01:01:04,979
that altitude but you don't really

1561
01:01:09,199 --> 01:01:07,229
control for most typical balloons you're

1562
01:01:10,459 --> 01:01:09,209
kind of XY coordinates as you go around

1563
01:01:12,559 --> 01:01:10,469
that's really dominated by the

1564
01:01:15,199 --> 01:01:12,569
prevailing winds Jose I mentioned that

1565
01:01:16,969 --> 01:01:15,209
you you have a kill switch so that if it

1566
01:01:18,799 --> 01:01:16,979
gets too far away you can actually take

1567
01:01:20,899 --> 01:01:18,809
it down before it goes se out into the

1568
01:01:23,449 --> 01:01:20,909
ocean or our flight was supposed to

1569
01:01:24,649 --> 01:01:23,459
happen up actually in Norway so if it

1570
01:01:27,889 --> 01:01:24,659
gets too close to Russian airspace you

1571
01:01:30,169 --> 01:01:27,899
want to take it down before they do but

1572
01:01:31,879 --> 01:01:30,179
but yeah so so that's the way you really

1573
01:01:33,439 --> 01:01:31,889
just you have to watch it you manage it

1574
01:01:34,849 --> 01:01:33,449
with GPS and it's it's more of a

1575
01:01:37,009 --> 01:01:34,859
knowledge thing than a control thing

1576
01:01:39,079 --> 01:01:37,019
there are some proposal ideas out there

1577
01:01:40,969 --> 01:01:39,089
about how to make it more of a shapes

1578
01:01:42,620 --> 01:01:40,979
form kind of a dirigible type thing

1579
01:01:45,319 --> 01:01:42,630
where you can actually manage its

1580
01:01:47,919 --> 01:01:45,329
trajectory and XY as well but those are

1581
01:01:50,569 --> 01:01:47,929
a little bit more involved

1582
01:01:52,459 --> 01:01:50,579
so you can do control the azimuth and

1583
01:01:53,989 --> 01:01:52,469
elevation but you don't control the path

1584
01:01:57,969 --> 01:01:53,999
it just gets the right with the wind

1585
01:02:01,339 --> 01:01:57,979
right and what's the maximum elevation

1586
01:02:04,539 --> 01:02:01,349
depends on the weight of your payload I

1587
01:02:07,969 --> 01:02:04,549
think it's around 40 kilometers around

1588
01:02:12,469 --> 01:02:07,979
140,000 feet something like that again

1589
01:02:20,479 --> 01:02:12,479
is the higher the heavier your payload

1590
01:02:21,949 --> 01:02:20,489
is the lower you go I mean I think you

1591
01:02:24,199 --> 01:02:21,959
both threw a wonderful lecture

1592
01:02:25,939 --> 01:02:24,209
Jose I wanted to ask you specifically

1593
01:02:28,639 --> 01:02:25,949
about the component you have on the

1594
01:02:32,659 --> 01:02:28,649
table and the difference or what changes

1595
01:02:34,039 --> 01:02:32,669
you made between that and the new Jen so

1596
01:02:37,999 --> 01:02:34,049
the one that we've recovered which is

1597
01:02:41,599 --> 01:02:38,009
the big one it has is it's one of the

1598
01:02:43,999 --> 01:02:41,609
drivers of the receiver so it has four

1599
01:02:45,190 --> 01:02:44,009
channels so basically like we have four

1600
01:02:48,460 --> 01:02:45,200
receivers right

1601
01:02:51,910 --> 01:02:48,470
- not the same mission or in this case

1602
01:02:53,710 --> 01:02:51,920
was carbon I have a nice carbon the

1603
01:02:56,289 --> 01:02:53,720
other one it was the next generation so

1604
01:02:57,640 --> 01:02:56,299
of course we will find that we're

1605
01:02:59,579 --> 01:02:57,650
planning to fly that but we are the same

1606
01:03:02,950 --> 01:02:59,589
time we're working on the next step

1607
01:03:05,079 --> 01:03:02,960
better designs had better packaging so

1608
01:03:08,280 --> 01:03:05,089
so that they won the small one that you

1609
01:03:10,120 --> 01:03:08,290
see there is actually 16 receivers or 16

1610
01:03:10,569 --> 01:03:10,130
transmitter in this case it's a

1611
01:03:14,980 --> 01:03:10,579
transmitter

1612
01:03:19,930 --> 01:03:14,990
type flexing are you multiplexing no no

1613
01:03:23,049 --> 01:03:19,940
yes 16 transmitter and the receiver part

1614
01:03:26,289 --> 01:03:23,059
would have system receiver but it

1615
01:03:27,099 --> 01:03:26,299
consumes less power than the other one

1616
01:03:29,740 --> 01:03:27,109
which is 4

1617
01:03:32,410 --> 01:03:29,750
this one has 16 of course it's much much

1618
01:03:35,170 --> 01:03:32,420
smaller we use less one learn from the

1619
01:03:38,349 --> 01:03:35,180
other one to implement the new one so in

1620
01:03:40,660 --> 01:03:38,359
the nest or fully belong flag we will

1621
01:03:43,359 --> 01:03:40,670
try to fry the a new generation it also

1622
01:03:47,049 --> 01:03:43,369
allow us to you know in the same form

1623
01:03:53,079 --> 01:03:47,059
factor add more channels more frequency

1624
01:03:54,460 --> 01:03:53,089
coverage thank you so we do have two

1625
01:03:55,780 --> 01:03:54,470
questions from we had a lot of questions

1626
01:03:57,430 --> 01:03:55,790
from the internet and there were great

1627
01:04:01,420 --> 01:03:57,440
questions but we have time for two of

1628
01:04:04,299 --> 01:04:01,430
them so I'm gonna start with question

1629
01:04:06,190 --> 01:04:04,309
from you two kind of on the design you

1630
01:04:08,799 --> 01:04:06,200
talk about with planetary could we

1631
01:04:10,539 --> 01:04:08,809
launch a Mars mission with a balloon to

1632
01:04:12,520 --> 01:04:10,549
be launched from the surface of Mars

1633
01:04:16,150 --> 01:04:12,530
rather than what we saw in the image

1634
01:04:18,640 --> 01:04:16,160
before yeah I mean there are a lot of

1635
01:04:20,260 --> 01:04:18,650
concepts I think that you know if you

1636
01:04:23,230 --> 01:04:20,270
give an engineer a difficult problem

1637
01:04:23,829 --> 01:04:23,240
they'll find a way to make it work we've

1638
01:04:26,289 --> 01:04:23,839
shown before

1639
01:04:28,510 --> 01:04:26,299
yeah the specific concepts that I was

1640
01:04:31,420 --> 01:04:28,520
studying as an intern was there are some

1641
01:04:33,039 --> 01:04:31,430
advantages to using the atmosphere that

1642
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:33,049
you have rather than bringing it with

1643
01:04:37,690 --> 01:04:35,210
you and mostly you're a lot less prone

1644
01:04:38,829 --> 01:04:37,700
to leaks and so if you you know lose a

1645
01:04:40,030 --> 01:04:38,839
little bit of helium that you brought

1646
01:04:42,280 --> 01:04:40,040
with you then that's kind of the end of

1647
01:04:44,319 --> 01:04:42,290
it but if you can heat up and kind of

1648
01:04:46,450 --> 01:04:44,329
keep replenishing the atmosphere you

1649
01:04:47,890 --> 01:04:46,460
have then you might be able to stay up

1650
01:04:49,480 --> 01:04:47,900
longer was the idea but they're

1651
01:04:51,640 --> 01:04:49,490
definitely concepts for a lot of

1652
01:04:52,839 --> 01:04:51,650
different things I mean and launching

1653
01:04:55,420 --> 01:04:52,849
from the surface would be one of them

1654
01:04:57,730 --> 01:04:55,430
very cool and the last one from northern

1655
01:04:58,900 --> 01:04:57,740
astronomy what is the most interesting

1656
01:05:04,349 --> 01:04:58,910
thing you

1657
01:05:14,799 --> 01:05:10,779
science point of view well person I

1658
01:05:16,660 --> 01:05:14,809
would say that is the being exposed to

1659
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:16,670
this end-to-end mission in such a short

1660
01:05:21,670 --> 01:05:18,410
period of time come compared to flight

1661
01:05:23,890 --> 01:05:21,680
is like a summer Club it'll be longer

1662
01:05:25,990 --> 01:05:23,900
than that but it's just an intensive

1663
01:05:27,940 --> 01:05:26,000
training so you get to do everything you

1664
01:05:30,160 --> 01:05:27,950
get to do design you fabricate it would

1665
01:05:32,680 --> 01:05:30,170
you have design you put it on a

1666
01:05:35,230 --> 01:05:32,690
telescope and make it work and you are

1667
01:05:37,630 --> 01:05:35,240
with all the team and at the end you

1668
01:05:39,099 --> 01:05:37,640
know everyone does what is needed to

1669
01:05:41,049 --> 01:05:39,109
help so everyone that's a bit of

1670
01:05:42,520 --> 01:05:41,059
everything so so you are with the

1671
01:05:44,200 --> 01:05:42,530
scientists so you will get to learn the

1672
01:05:47,049 --> 01:05:44,210
science even if you are an engineer the

1673
01:05:50,260 --> 01:05:47,059
scientists understand better than

1674
01:05:54,160 --> 01:05:50,270
engineers so everyone is there so also

1675
01:05:55,990 --> 01:05:54,170
this work teamwork spirit getting to

1676
01:05:59,859 --> 01:05:56,000
work with all these amazing people learn

1677
01:06:02,890 --> 01:05:59,869
from the best people in the world to to

1678
01:06:04,180 --> 01:06:02,900
build this kind of technology and of

1679
01:06:06,870 --> 01:06:04,190
course the best scientist in the world I

1680
01:06:09,190 --> 01:06:06,880
mean it's something that is really I

1681
01:06:10,809 --> 01:06:09,200
mean it's I once in a lifetime

1682
01:06:15,339 --> 01:06:10,819
opportunity especially being there in

1683
01:06:17,620 --> 01:06:15,349
Antartica amazing yeah it's really all

1684
01:06:19,150 --> 01:06:17,630
about the teaming I think that the thing

1685
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:19,160
that I thought was most interesting is

1686
01:06:23,109 --> 01:06:21,410
as a systems engineer you think smaller

1687
01:06:24,460 --> 01:06:23,119
mission might have fewer functions or

1688
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:24,470
fewer things you do but it's really you

1689
01:06:28,839 --> 01:06:26,210
have to do all of it you just have less

1690
01:06:30,970 --> 01:06:28,849
time and money to do it with and so you

1691
01:06:33,640 --> 01:06:30,980
have to have interfaces you have to have

1692
01:06:35,799 --> 01:06:33,650
risks like spelled out so you really

1693
01:06:37,960 --> 01:06:35,809
have to do everything in a small mission

1694
01:06:40,029 --> 01:06:37,970
is just it's how you manage them is a

1695
01:06:41,740 --> 01:06:40,039
little bit different so all the systems

1696
01:06:43,210 --> 01:06:41,750
engineering functions are there you just

1697
01:06:45,970 --> 01:06:43,220
got to do it and so it's interesting to

1698
01:06:48,730 --> 01:06:45,980
me is to see how that discipline really

1699
01:06:49,960 --> 01:06:48,740
just it it's required even at these tiny

1700
01:06:53,859 --> 01:06:49,970
scales all the way up to something like

1701
01:06:55,450 --> 01:06:53,869
clipper oh thank you very much that is

1702
01:06:57,190 --> 01:06:55,460
unfortunately all the time that we have

1703
01:07:04,730 --> 01:06:57,200
this evening I want to give a big thank

1704
01:07:08,180 --> 01:07:06,770
and thank you to all of you who joined

1705
01:07:10,070 --> 01:07:08,190
us whether it be here in person or

1706
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:10,080
watching from your home wherever you are

1707
01:07:14,480 --> 01:07:12,210
today please join us in March for the

1708
01:07:16,280 --> 01:07:14,490
golden age of exoplanet exploration

1709
01:07:19,550 --> 01:07:16,290
details can be found on our website

1710
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:19,560
JPL nasa.gov thank you for joining us

1711
01:07:47,450 --> 01:07:22,210
folks and have a great night